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傭船費的支付方法

楊仁壽

 

船舶所有人出傭船舶,最主要的目的,是可以從定期傭船人那裡收取「傭船費」(hire)。而且從傭船開始,以迄還船時為止,依據定期傭船契約,定時的,以現金收取。如果定期傭船人未為給付,船舶所有人有行使「撤船」(withdraw)的權利,不再提供服務(render service),定期傭船契約即告終了。

定期傭船人支付傭船費,必須以「現金」(cash)為之,端在使該項支付,不能取消(irrevocable),使船舶所有人能夠立即的使用該項傭船費。惟所謂「現金」云云,包括在商業實務上(commercial usage),與現金等同價值(the equivalent of cash)的支付方法(types of payment),舉凡「銀行內部的轉帳」(inter bank transfers)、銀行匯票(bank draft)或「銀行支付傳票」(banker’s payment slip)等(註1),甚至倫敦通貨結算方式之付款委託書(payment order under the London Currency Settlement Scheme)(註2)等,也都被視同以現金支付。

此正如Brandon法官在The Brimns一案中(註3)指出:「『關於現金支付一詞的意義』(regarding the meaning of the words “payment … in cash”)依我的觀點,此一文義,必須依照現代商業實務來解釋,就此而言,自不能解為『現金』,只意指美金紙幣或其他合眾國法定貨幣的支付而言。船舶所有人也不諱言,此一詞的意義,必須持較廣的意義,在商業上已確立付錢的方法,只須付錢的結果,收受人能夠立即無條件使用的方法,都包括在內」(in my view these words must be interpreted against the background of modern commercial practice. So interpreted it seems to me that they cannot mean only payment in dollar or other legal tender of the U.S. They must, as the shipowners of transferring funds, the result of which is to give the transferee the unconditional right to the immediate use of the funds transferred)。

Brandon法官上述見解,深獲上訴法院(Court of Appeal)Edmund Davies L. J.法官的肯定,明確表達贊同此項定義(specifically agreed with that definition)(註4)。並為Lawton法官在The Laconia(註5)一案所引用。

依此而言,如果定期傭船人的銀行匯款給船舶所有人的銀行,或交給同等的書類,則於其交付完畢之時,即已履行傭船契約上的支付(Where the charterers’ bank delivers to the owner’s bank a banker’s draft or equivalent document, payment under the charter is complete at the time of such delivery)(註6)。

惟必須加以說明的,船舶所有人的銀行,已收到款項,如尚需內部的處理時間,致實際上尚未存入船舶所有人的帳戶之內,前述的結論,仍無不同,沒有變更(This is so despite the fact that there will be a period of internal processing before the bank will actually credit the owners’ account)(註7)。此正如Salmon勛爵,在The Laconia一案中(註8)所說的,傭船人即使以現金支付傭船費的情形,在存入船舶所有人銀行的戶頭以前,若必須尚有若干的事務,須加以處理(a certain amount of such processing would be needed before a credit was raised in an owners’ account even where the charterers paid cash),自非其他等同現金的支付的方法。

因之,儘管傭船人的銀行對船舶所有人的銀行,依倫敦通貨結算方式,作支付的指示,其結果仍無以異(The position is probably the same when the charterer’s bank delivers to the owner’s bank a payment order under the London Currency Settlement Scheme)。一般而言,「為了事務上的手續,船舶所有人的銀行,從收到支付的指示起,縱使未於24小時內,存入船舶所有人的戶頭內,亦復如此(This is so even though the processing work may mean that the owners’ account will not be credited until up to about 24 hours after receipt of the payment order by their bank)。」

關於這一點,英國上議院(House of Lords)3位法官,有2位法官維持上訴法院(the Court of Appeal)採肯定的見解,認為一旦向船舶所有人的銀行,作「付款委託」(payment order)時,支付即屬有效,但另一位法官則持反對的意見。最後,依多數決維持上訴法院的判決。

採肯定見解的法官,一是Salmon勛爵,另一是Russel勛爵。採否定見解的法官,則是Fraser勛爵。根據Salmon的見解,認為:「以美元紙幣支付,與依付款委託書支付之間,並沒有實質上的差異。付款委託書,在銀行業界普遍都當現金予以接受」(there is no real difference between a payment in dollar bills and a payment by payment orders which in the banking world are generally regarded and accepted as cash)。

而Russell勛爵,亦稱:「付款委託書依我的理解,是不能取消的,而且『是確實的』在銀行間,與現金同等價值,因此,於期限內支付,等同現金支付,如於貸方所指定銀行指定之戶頭,於期限內提供,即已足夠。我目前強烈的傾向上述的見解。本件所訂定的,就是這樣的支付方法。不論是提供現金,或提供與現金同樣的支付方法,一樣都不能『直接』支付於戶頭之中」(I would as at present advised incline to the view that, a payment order being as between the banks the equivalent of cash—meaning I take it irrevocable and ‘good’—it should suffice for punctual payment that such cash equivalent be tendered in due time to the nominated bank to be credited to the named account: this was the method of payment laid down: you cannot pay ‘into’ an account, whether you are tendering cash or its equivalent)各等語。

惟Fraser勛爵則力持反對,他認為:「支付須於期日以前進入到船舶所有人的戶頭,必須留有充分餘裕的時間始可(that payment should be made in sufficient time to enable the owners’ account to be credited by the due date)」云云,雖非全無見地,但因屬少數見解,沒被採納。

要之,依照上議院的多數意見,在商業實務上,可增加合理確實性的作用,因而為業界所認同。所以嗣後在上訴法院Denning勛爵與Lawton法官另案的判斷,認為只要符合商業實際的支付方法即可,而為上議院所維持,實非無因。

與此相類似的情形,就是「戶頭間的轉帳」(transfers between accounts),也一直被業界所使用。如果定期傭船契約所指定船舶所有人有戶頭的銀行,定期傭船人的銀行也有戶頭時,則定期傭船人的銀行,對船舶所有人的銀行,也可指示將必要的金額,從自己的戶頭轉帳到船舶所有人的戶頭之內。但於此情形,究竟何時才算傭船費已支付呢?這一問題,在The Brimnes一案(註9),亦同時被解決了。

在該案上訴法院的判決是:「傭船契約所要求的支付方法,須所支付的美金(現金)存入到Morgan Guaranty Trust Co. of New York船舶所有人的戶頭。這種支付,對Morgan Guaranty Trust Co. of New York而言,並非是指示另行依照商務電報交換作戶頭間轉帳的時點,因此只在商務電報交換機的行內處理過程,仍然不算,而應以款項進入到Morgan Guaranty Trust Co. of New York船舶所有人的戶頭,始可作為決定入帳的有效時點(that payment as required by the charter party—in cash in United States currency to Morgan Guaranty Trust Co. of New York, for the credit of the account for the owner—was not made at the time of the telex instructing Morgan Guaranty Trust Co. to transfer from the one account to the other but only when, during their processing of that telex, Morgan Guaranty took an effective decision to credit theirs’ acocunt)」。但如果在同一銀行內,則另當別論。

 

 

【註】

  1. The Georgios C. (1971) 1 LI. L. Rep. 7。
  2. The Laconia (1977) 1 LI. L. Rep. 315。
  3. (1972) 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 465。
  4. (1974) 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 241。
  5. (1976) I Lloyd’s Rep. 395。
  6. The Brimnus, (1974) 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 241。
  7. ibid。
  8. The Laconia (1977) 1 Lloyd’s Rep. 315。
  9. (1974) 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 241。
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