楊仁壽
船舶每日可以工作的船艙(per workable hatch per day),此一慣用語,有點含混不清,有時難免引起爭議。其實其真義,是指總貨物除以船舶貨艙的數量,與每日可以工作船舶所約定之裝貨或卸貨數量之乘積而得而言(註1)。
有些港口,為了簡便起見,就勁以「平均」的數量予以切割,按照港口費率的多寡,來計算某輪可以工作的船艙。從邏輯上而言,此種推算,或甚容易,但究難期精確公平。
不管每日可以工作的船艙,如何運作,但其真意,所謂「可以利用的船艙」,實與「可以工作的船艙」同義(“Available” hatches are the same as “workable” hatches)(註2)。不過現在各港口,幾乎都以電腦來計算,而且訂得相當明確,行之甚廣,爭議的發生不大。
根據J.Bes所著Chartering and Shipping Terms一書中(註3),就此舉例說明:某航次傭船契約中,含有下列條款(A charter party embodied a chause providing for:),即「裝貨卸貨率:每『天氣適宜工作天可以工作的船艙』,應裝貨150公噸/卸貨100公噸,但不包括星期六下午及例假日前一天下午,星期天至次週星期一上午8時,或例假日至次日上午8時為止之時間,即使實際使用該時間進行裝卸亦不予計入(Loading / discharging rate: 150 metric tons / 100 metric tons per weather working day per working hatch, Saturday afternoons and afternoons before holidays, and Sundays and holidays until Monday 08:00 or day after a holiday 08:00 excluded, even if used)。
船舶所有人與航次傭船人,為該傭船契約中「每可以工作的船艙」一詞,爭論不休。船舶所有人主張「每日可以工作的船艙」的正確意義,應該是:船舶有5個貨艙,於裝載港,裝貨量應將船艙數乘以150公噸,而在卸載港之卸貨量,則為船艙數乘以100噸,因此許可裝卸日數,應依每可以工作天750噸裝貨量及500噸卸貨量計算(The owners of the vessel took the view that the correct interpretation of the words “per workable hatch” was that on a ship with 5 hatches, the number of hatches is multiplied by 150 metric tons at the loading port, and by 100 metric tons at the discharging port, and laytime allowed under the charter party was therefore based upon 750 tons load and 500 tons discharge per weather working day)。」
航次傭船人則抗辯稱:該輪有些貨艙比其他的貨艙大,因此可以工作的時間也較長,因之,當5個艙中最小的一個艙(或貨艙已完成裝卸後,貨艙的數目應由原先的5個艙,減少為4個艙,亦即變成裝貨600噸,卸貨400噸,依此類推,才合乎締約真諦(The charterers stated that some hatches and holds were larger than others and remained workable for a longer period and that when the smallest hatch or hold of the five was completed, then the hatch or hold in question should be eliminated and the multiple reduced from five hatches to four hatches (i.e. to 600 tons load/ 400 tons discharge)and so on.)。
最後經仲裁人作出判斷:許可裝貨總天數,應為將每艙約定的貨量(亦即150噸),與貨艙數目(即5個艙)的乘積(為750噸),除以船舶總裝貨量而得之日數。或按裝貨9,000噸計算,則依約定所許可之裝卸日數之計算如下公式(The arbitrators, by a majority decision, ruled that the total number of days allowed for loading or discharging is ascertained by multiplying the stipulated tonnage per hatch viz. 150 tons by the number of hatches (5) and dividing the resulting figure (750 tons) into the total tonnage of cargo loaded by the vessel. On the basis of a cargo of 9,000 tons, the laytime allowed under the charter party would have been calculated as follows):

仲裁人仲裁判斷的理由是:該航次傭船契約既已規定「每天可以工作天,且每一日可以工作船艙」,裝貨量訂明為150公噸,而卸貨量為100公噸,而非規定裝貨量為750公噸及卸貨量500公噸,此乃因傭船人在慣例上認為有如此規定,才能防止船舶某艙裝卸機具有任何故障,或船舶所有人未能依約定使所有船艙,均能提供裝卸之必要(The charter clause in question gave the loading and discharging rates as 150 metric tons and 100 metric tons per weather working day per workable hatch instead of 750 tons load / 500 tons discharge, because charterers usually deem it necessary to cover any breakdown of ship’s gear at specific hatches, or a failure of the owners to make all hatches available as agreed)。並認為,如果要適用傭船人所提供的計算方法,則條款中的措辭應加以延伸(It was also remarked that if the charterers’ method of computing laytime was to be applied, the wording of the clause in question would have to be extended accordingly)。
仲裁人為恐當事人不瞭解其意義,與另一航次傭船契約中之一條款中最後一段為例,加以說明(The arbitrators referred to a marginal insertion in another charter-party reading)。
即「每連續24小時工作天,每日可以工作船艙150噸,惟星期天及例假日不論使用與否,均不包括在內,但應『按每一船艙計算,包括裝載最大貨量的貨艙』(150 tons per workable hatch per working day of 24 running hours, Sundays and holidays excepted whether used or not, (counted per hold containing the biggest quantity of cargo))。」
仲裁人進而解釋:「如果航次傭船契約中,並未加上述條款中之最後一小段,則可不接受傭船人的解釋(In the absence of the words in bold type in the (voyage) charter-party in question, charterers’ interpretation could not be accepted)。仲裁人上述的判斷結果,迄今已為各種航次傭船契約所接受,均持同一的見解(註4)。」
在這裡,仲裁人引用「每連續24小時工作天」(per working day of 24 consecutive hours)一詞,其義係指不論日夜,按連續24小時計算而言,與「每24小時工作天」(per working day of 24 hours)少一「連續」(consecutive)字樣,其義截然有別,不能等量齊觀。
所謂「每24小時工作天」,是指每工作24小時,就算一個「許可工作的天數」,這當中不問工作時間是否分算於幾個「自然日」(days),亦即如果每天正常的工作,是由上午6時到下午6時,這就是自然日,一個「自然日」,就算12小時,如果24小時,就是2個自然日,即使分散到數天,加起來已工作12小時,即為一個自然日,這對船東而言,頗為不利,如果其一時不警覺,乍見「每24小時工作天」(per working day of 24 hours),以為與「每24小時」同義,在天數的計算上,會拖延裝卸日數,並非明智之舉。
此外,所謂「工作天」(working days)的定義,依各港口的慣例,各有不同的規定,不能一概而論。因此在航次傭船契約內訂明「天」(days)、或「連續天」(consecutive days)或「日曆天」(calendar days)等都不夠精確,易生爭執。
以Alvion Steamship Corporation Panama v. Galban Lobo Trading Company, S.A. of Havana一案為例(註5),Per Lord Goddard C.J.即認為所謂工作天的時間長度,是根據港口習慣,通常按該港口裝卸的情況而定(a working day is a length of time consisting of the number of hours which, according to the custom of the port are usually worked at the port of discharge or loading, as the case may be,…),亦即依港口習慣,如果連續工作24小時,甚或超過,如僅工作8小時,亦僅能算一個工作天的1/3而已。這種見解頗具爭議,到了1963年,才為上議院於Cape of Good Hope Motor Ship Company Ltd. v. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food一案所推翻(註6),認為所謂工作天,只是去描述某天的性質而已,只要有工作,不論是開工,或只開工1小時或數小時,該天的工作就是工作天。所以契約若不訂明,就會爭議不斷。
【註】
- The General Capinpin, (1987) 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 354。
- The Corfu Island, (1953) 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 472。
- J.Bes, Chartering Shipping Terms, 10th ed. pp. 84~85。
- 同上,p. 85。
- The Rubystone, (1955) 1 Lloyd’s Rep. 9。
- The Vancouver Strike Cases, (1963) 1 Lloyd’s Rep. 12。












