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解約條款

楊仁壽

 

航次傭船契約之訂定,與船舶的需求相關,當需求者眾,即屬於「船方市場」,運費必高。反之,需求者寡,運費必低,則屬於「傭船人市場」。當屬於「船方市場」時,若干不誠實的船舶所有人,就會想方設法,尋瑕抵隙,找理由解除原訂傭船契約,俾與另外傭船人訂立傭船契約,以牟取高運費。反之亦然,當屬於「傭船人市場」,若干不誠實的傭船人,也會依樣畫葫蘆,予以炮製。

所以運費市況不佳時,傭船人內心每每試圖將原訂傭船契約解除,再與他船舶所有人另訂新約者,不在少數。因此,航次傭船契約中的解約條款(cancelling clause)如何的訂定,才能維持契約「穩妥」,不讓契約當事人乘隙而入,就是一門相當重要的藝術了。目前的各航次傭船契約格式,若有所偏,契約當事人於訂定時不知增刪修改,事到臨頭,只好徒呼負負了。

航次傭船契約的「解約條款」,一般都只限於「船舶」是否依約到達「裝載港」(loading port)或「裝載地」(loading place)。因為貨物如已裝載上船,或已裝貨航行,除非有特別情事,否則根本不發生解約情事。以是之故,各航次傭船契約格式,幾乎都將「裝貨時間」(laytimes)及「解約」(cancelling)規定在同一條,例如代碼「Shellvoy」第11條、「Norgrain」第4條、「Amwelsh」第5條等等都屬之(註1)。

茲以「Shellvoy」第11條之規定為例:「該輪(本船,以下同)如未於第1部分(c)條(按:指停泊期間(laydays))所記載契約終了期日之當地時間正午以前,裝載準備完成時,傭船人對於是否解除本傭船契約有選擇權。但該輪依第2部分第26條之規定(按:指傭船人指示之變更(Charterers’ Change of order)),因而遲到時,不在此限(Should the vessel not be ready to load by noon local time on the termination date set out in Part Ⅰ clause (C) Charterers shall have the option of terminating this Charter unless the vessel has been delayed due to Charterers’ change of orders pursuant to Part Ⅱ clause 26)。於此情形,停泊期間可延長到遲到期間部分(in which case the laydays shall be extended by the period of such delay)。船舶所有人已知到了契約終了期日正午以前不能完成裝船準備時,應立即通知傭船人,宣告新的裝船準備完成日,並要求(傭船人)是否解除本傭船契約(As soon as Owners become aware that the vessel will not be ready to load by noon on the termination date)。傭船人於受通知4日內,可選擇下列事由之一(Within 4 days after such notice, Charterers shall either):

(一)宣告本傭船契約業已終了(declare this Charter terminated)或者(or)

(二)上述新的準備完成日,為停泊期間開始期日,經確認2日後,契約終了期日已被變更,改訂停泊期間開始期日及契約終了期日(confirm a revised set of laydays which shall be amended such that the new readiness date stated shall be the commencement date and the second day thereafter shall be the termination date)或者(or)

(三)同意新的停泊期間開始期日及契約終了期日,或船舶所有人及傭船人得同意停泊期間開始期日及契約終了期日之延長(agree a new set of laydays or an extension to the laydays mutually acceptable to Owners and Charterers)。

本條款之規定及由傭船人行使或不行使契約終了之選擇權,傭船人或船舶所有人對相對人無損其原有的任何請求(The provisions of this clause and the exercise or non-exercise by Charterers of their option to terminate shall not prejudice any claims which Charterers or Owners may have against each other)(註2)。」

依以上之規定,可知船舶所有人與傭船人於航次傭船契約訂定之「解約條款」,言明船舶必須完成裝貨準備之最後期日,船東必須遵守,一旦逾此期日,傭船人即有「解約」或「不解約」之選擇權。

唯一的例外,根據J.Bes的解釋(註3):如果船舶可能無法如期到達裝載港,而其遲到並非由於船舶所有人所能控制的情況,亦即所謂「免責危險事由」所致者,則船舶所有人仍應儘速將船舶駛往裝載港,而不問船舶到達時,已否逾原訂解約之最後期日(If it appears that a vessel cannot possibly arrive at the port of loading in time and the delay has not been occasioned by circumstances beyond owner’s control, so-called “excepted perils” which would automatically terminate the contract of affreightment, shipowners are bound to despatch their vessel to the port of loading, irrespective of the delay in arrival beyond the original cancelling date)。而且只有在將裝載準備完成通知送達交給傭船人後,傭船人始予決定是否同意仍接受該輪,或取消契約(Only after notice of readiness has been accept the vessel as yet or whether they will cancel the charter)。本質上,傭船人的決定,主要看當時貨運市場的趨勢而定,如果自該輪訂定後,市場運價已節節上漲,則不用說,原傭船契約仍有繼續存在的可能。反之,若市場運價已跌,且同時可覓得適當的船舶,可立即裝貨時,則傭船人想必會宣告解約,並以較低的運價洽訂新約(In the nature of things, their decision will be mainly governed by the trend of the freight market. Should the open market rates have risen since the fixture of the vessel in question, it goes without saying that the original contract of affreightment will be maintained. Conversely the charter will be cancelled or a new charter will be closed at a lower rate, if the open market rates have declined in the meantime tonnage can be chartered for prompt loading)。

當然,如果該輪可能遲延解約期日時,船舶所有人即可努力安排協商延長解約期日。有時為應付此一偶發情事,傭船契約中規定倘有此類情事發生時,傭船人應於48小時以內決定是否解決(按:「Shellvoy」規定通知4日以內,傭船人有解約與否之選擇權。「Amwelsh」則規定為7日以內)(As a matter of course efforts will be made to arrange for an extension of the cancelling date if it appears probable that the vessel will miss her cancelling date. Sometimes the charterers are bound to decide in such a case within 48 hours whether they intend to cancel the charter-party or not)。

為避免遇到此類窘境,最重要的是在「約定裝卸日起算時間」及「解約期日」之間,協定一公平的寬限期間。顯然若某輪洽訂數個連續航次時,則延誤最後一個航次的風險將大增,因對前幾個航次所需的預估日數可能因天氣惡劣、裝卸及航行緩慢,及罷工等等無法預估的情況而不準確。然而在訂定幾個連續航次時,常僅約定第一個航次的解約期日,其後各航次則只要依船舶卸完後,並回溯下一航次裝載港裝貨的實際時間自動順延下去即可(In order to eliminate difficulties on this score, it is important to agree upon a fair margin between the beginning of laydays and cancelling date. It is obvious that in case a ship is fixed for a number of consecutive voyages, the risk that she will miss the cancelling date for the last voyage  will increase, as the original estimate of the number of days required for the previous voyages may be upset by unforeseen circumstances, such as bad weather, slow despatch, strikes etc. However, in the case of charter-parties for consecutive voyages, it frequently occurs that a cancelling date is only provided for the first voyage, the subsequent voyages following automatically, subject only to the time vessel will take to discharge her cargo and return to loading port for the next voyage)。

除非船東方面故意虛報預計完成裝載準備完成的時間,否則很少有傭船人會以船舶遲延解約日期為由,向船舶所有人要求賠償貨損。習慣上,該等遲延多非由船舶所有人所能控制的意外情況所致者,如機器毀損等。在此種情況下,傭船人不得要求任何賠償(It is extremely rare for charterers to establish a claim for damages by reason of vessel having missed her cancelling date, unless of course there had been some deliberate misrepresentation on the part of the shipowners with regard to the exceptional circumstances. As a rule, the delay will be due to exceptional circumstances e.g. damage to engines, beyond shipowners’ control, in which case charterers are not entitled to any indemnification)。

事實上,「Shellvoy」(註4)及「Amwelsh」(註5),都採上述方法以解決「解約」的困擾問題,而「Gencon」(註6),更簡單明瞭,容易理解。至於「Norgrain」就此問題,則未加處理,容易引起爭論。

 

 

【註】

 

  1. 英文「laytimes」有不同的譯詞,有譯為「裝卸期間」,或「停泊期間」,原則均屬正確。不過「解約」僅與船舶是否準時到達「裝載港」或「裝載地」,與「卸載港」或「卸載地」無多關聯,故於此將之譯為「停泊期間」,二者實一。再者,在航次傭船契約,「停泊期間」是指許可裝載港裝貨的天數,與「裝載期間」(laytime)是指用以計算裝貨的時間,與船舶到達裝載港至發航的時間,並非實際上用於裝貨之時間,兩者約略有異,此需船舶所有人與傭船人協議定之。
  2. 依英美法,解約(cancellation),依其情形,與契約終了(charter terminated)同義,本文從之。
  3. Bes, Chartering and Shipping Terms, 10 th ed. pp. 26~27。
  4. 參見「Shellvoy」166~171行。
  5. 參見Amwelsh」50~58行。
  6. 參見「Gencon」141~153行。
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