楊仁壽
航次傭船契約「解約約款」(cancelling clause)的格式,通常比一般格式較短(to be usually in shorter form),至多也不過2、3行而已,此在「長期遲延」(in the event of a long delay)的情形,就會發生契約因不可歸責於當事人一方致給付不能(frustration),的問題,而失去拘束力情事。
英文「frustration」一詞,我國用語很難解釋,有人逕譯為「阻撓」,雖然不無道理,但卻失之原義,如將之譯為「給付不能(或履行不能)」,也會發生是否失去拘束力的問題,其法律效果,亦未必符合原義。例如我國民法將給付不能分為可歸責於債務人之事由,與不歸責於債務人之事由,而異其效果。依民法第225條第1項規定:「因不可歸責於債務人之事由,致給付不能者,債務人免給付義務。」而第226條第1項則規定:「因可歸責於債務人之事由,致給付不能者,債權人得請求賠償損害。」若將此2條項都解為「frustration」,則不免差之毫釐,失之千里了。
根據J.Ber教授的解釋(註1),所謂「frustration」是指「當訂約雙方當事人的商業目的,因無法控制的情況,而完全受阻時,則發生『阻撓』的問題(There is question of frustration when through circumstances entirely beyond control of parties concerned the commercial object is entirely frustrated),在傭船契約中的『航行阻撓』一詞,係指非由於訂約雙方當事人的實際錯誤所致之期限延誤,並阻撓合約之執行而言(The expression “frustration of the adventure” in charterparties relates to a delay of such a duration - without the actual fault of either party - as to frustrate the performance of the charter)。下面的例子就此可以解釋,亦即某船於航行時,因遇『免責危險』而遭受嚴重毀損,經於避難港進行檢查後,發現修理費用高於船舶修復後的價值(The following example may explain the position. A ship has suffered serious damage on a voyage by an excepted peril. After examination at a port of refuge it turns out that the cost of repairing the damage will be so high as to exceed the value of the vessel when repaired)即其適例。換言之,從商業觀點言,該船已不值得修理。在此情形下,海事冒險的商業目的已完全因免責危險而受阻撓,船東便無繼續完成傭船契約所訂航程之義務(In other words, the Vessel is not worth repaired from a commercial point of view. In such a case the commercial object of the maritime adventure has been frustrated by an excepted peril and the shipowner is under no obligation to complete the contract voyage)」,庶幾近之。
事實上,在英美法上發生「Frustration」原因不少,舉凡傭船船舶在實際上發生全損、或遭遇嚴重毀損,已喪失作為商船上的機能、或發生長期的遲延、或傭船始期發生極端預想不到不能履行行為、或因運河等航線關閉、或雙方所約定的航行航線變成不可能履約、或於締約時雙方所預期的事態,不能排除,或遇到戰爭爆發、或發生當事人一方超出預想之外的事情,致無從經濟上的負擔等等情事,都有可能被認為是「Frustration」(註2),很難一概而論。
一言以蔽之,航次傭船契約發生了契約當事人「債務不履行以外之情況」,以致失去了該傭船契約的同一性,或者即使履行契約。但從交易上的觀點來看,業已逸出契約的框架,完全變質了,依該契約在法律上的作用,業已終結,從此再也無須履行。
上述情形,與NYPE Form第16條規定:「本船滅失時,應將無從反對給付之先付金(自滅失或知悉最後消息之日起算),立即返還傭船人(That should the Vessel be lost, money paid in advance and not earned (reckoning from the date of loss or being last heard of) shall be returned to the Charterers at once)(註3)。」大致相同。
Baltime Form第15條亦有類似規定:「如該輪滅失或失蹤,傭船費自其滅失之日停止。倘不確定其滅失之日期,自獲得其最後報告之日起,到按計算到達目的地之日止,傭船費按半數給付,先付之傭船費須據此結算(Should the Vessel be lost or missing, hire shall cease from the date when she was lost. If the date of loss cannot be ascertained half hire to be paid from the date the Vessel was last reported until the calculated date of arrival at the destination. Any hire paid in advance to be adjusted accordingly.)。」
上述2種格式(Form),都是針對定期傭船契約而設,傭船契約均失其效力,至其結果,NYPE Form較Baltime Form公平,Baltime Form偏袒船舶所有人,不言而喻,此乃另事,非本文重點所在。不過,要注意的是,以上發生之原因,並非契約當事人一方或雙方「免責事由」所致。法定的免責事由依法律之規定;而約定的免責事由,則依契約之約定。如在載貨證券上記載,大多會再附上「替代條款」(superseding clause),言明:「本B/L記載之所有條款,已為託運人、受貨人、載貨證券持有人明白承諾」,以提醒該等貨物利害關係人。
凡此,都與「解約條款」無涉。在定期傭船契約就此已有先例,可資遵守。例如在Hongkong Fir Shipping Co. Ltd. v. Kawasaki K.K.一案(註5),Salmon法官及上訴法院,對於船舶欠缺適航能力,就作以下6點理由判決:
一、船舶所有人,在輪機室職員能力不足之點,已違反了適航能力擔保義務(The owners were in breach of the undertaking of seaworthiness having regard to the incompetence of the engine room staff)。
二、輪機室職員能力不足,於其選任之時,船舶所有人本身由於未盡相當之注意,所以船東依統一定期傭船契約格式第13條之規定,不受免責條款之保護(The owners were not protected by the Baltime exceptions Clause (13) since the incompetence of the engine room staff was attributable to the owners’ want of due diligence in their selection)。
三、適航能力並非條件,違反適航能力擔保義務本身並不賦予傭船人有拒絕契約履行之義務(seaworthiness was not a condition and breach of the undertaking of seaworthiness did not in itself give the charterers the right to repudiate)。
四、違反適航能力擔保義務,僅於已達到違反契約的根本,傭船人可以正當的拒絕契約(the charterers could only justify their repudiation if the breach of the undertaking of seaworthiness went to the root of the contract)。
五、如該違反擔保義務之結果,雖然帶來了相當的遲延,但該遲延只要不致使契約不能履行的程度,不能視為在實質上已剝奪了傭船人在契約上一切之利益(the breach of the undertaking had resulted in considerable delays, but this could not be regarded as going to the root of the contract or as depriving the charterers of substantially the whole benefit of the contract unless the delays were such as to frustrate the charter)。
六、傭船契約期間(24個月)之長,以及依約定休航期間,如考慮加算到傭船期間之事實,傭船人的拒絕是違法的(having regard to the length of the charter (24 months) and to the fact that off-hire period could by its terms be added to extend the period, the delays were not such as to frustrate the charter and therefore the charterers’ repudiation was wrongful)。
亦即將契約義務之違反,就有關契約解除權,區分為「條件」(condition)與「擔保」(warranty)2類,其後Diplock L.J.在上訴法院中,又加入第三類,即違反「中間的義務」(intermediate obligations)或「無名的義務」(innominate obligations)(註6),若其違反行為已達侵害之重大性,即可認為已違反了契約之根本,應認係違反了「條件」,當事人可據以解除契約。
至於無論是定期傭船契約,或航次傭船契約,訂有解約條款(cancelling clause),只要合乎所訂解約的約定,當事人即得據以解除契約。例如代碼「Shellvoy」第11條、「Norgrain」第4條、「Amwelsh」第5條,均可作為航次傭船契約解約的代表條文。
【註】
- Bes, Chartering and Shipping Terms, p. 54。
- See Michael Wilford, Terence Coghlin, John Kimball, Time Charters 4th ed. pp396~409。
- 1946 NYPE Form 102~103。
- 1939 Baltime Form 119~122。
- The Hongkong Fir, (1961) 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 478。
- Ibid (1962) 2 Q.B. 26; (1962) 2 W.L.R. 474。













