楊仁壽
航次傭船契約插入至上條款(paramount clause),適用海牙規則或海牙威士比規則等時,依該等規則第3條第8項之規定,具有強行法的特質,因此依照傭船契約所簽發之載貨證券,應受該等規則的規範,一旦與之牴觸,即會發生無效的結果,自無庸置疑。
即使傭船契約並無併入該等規則為至上條款,而依傭船契約所簽發之載貨證券,將之併入時,亦復如此,與該等規則牴觸時,亦屬無效。但於此種情形下,如傭船契約內之記載與之不牴觸的條款,亦即在強行法規的範圍外,依契約自由之原則,在適用上不免會發生更複雜的事態及混亂。
換言之,船舶所有人在海上運送契約(carriage conventions)下,如果記載不負最小限度的「法律上責任」以下之「免責條款」(exceptions clause),依據法律上之原則,不免屢受法院的批判。類此條款的用語,不僅含混曖昧,而且常會發生疑問,經常被法院依「作成者不利解釋之原則」(contra proferentem)(註1),作不利於船舶所有人之解釋,不使之獲得免責之利益。甚至常令法院或仲裁人從保護運送人的約定中,尋瑕抵隙,找出其不利之點。
上述發展的結果,船舶所有人一方,為了獲得片面條款所費的工夫,往往適得其反,使其希望落空,不免得不償失。因此,船舶所有人所投之「保護及賠償保險」(Protection and Indemnity Insurance)(註2),通常作為填補船舶所有人標準保險之一部分,船舶所有人依據海牙規則或海牙威士比規則,只能要求填補船舶所有人責任之保險,無須負責繳納除此之外所增加之保險費,當然該保險協會就這些危險,亦不在其保險之列。以是之故,超出該保險協會所規定以外之保險,應否理賠?自易引起紛爭,無庸贅言。
事實上,在實務上,對同樣的危險,運送人與貨物利害關係人都會互相連續接洽,共同投保,沒有必要就該等保險標的作「二重保險」,除可即省多支出的保險費外,更可以避免不必要的爭執。
就有關貨物的責任,依海牙規則或海牙威士比規則觀之,船舶所有人因各階段都負有不同樣態的責任,運送人隨著載貨證券從「傭船人」背書或轉讓到「受貨人」手中,難以預期後手會有幾人,甚至變化不一。傭船人依航次傭船契約之規定,固應受該傭船契約的拘束,但傭船人以外之第三持有人,則僅能適用海牙規則或海牙威士比規則「強行法」上的規定,不受傭船契約條款的束縛,無適用傭船契約上條款之餘地。這是淺顯的道理,無庸多所辭費。
故在代碼「Shellvoy」及「Amwelsh」以及其他航次傭船契約中,絕大部分都將「至上條款」的全文,引為該等航次傭船契約的內容。在此情形下,不論是海牙規則或海牙威士比規則,也不論是航次傭船契約或載貨證券,一概有海牙規則或海牙威士比規則之適用,如此一來,有關的爭論,就大為減少了。其中「Shellvoy」更將1978年漢堡規則亦列為至上條款之一,其內容甚為周詳。
2005年「Shellvoy 6」第37條共設有5項規定:「依本傭船契約所簽發之載貨證券,應包括以下條款(The following clause shall be included in all bills of lading issued pursuant to this Charter):
一、除本條第2項或第3項規定以外,本載貨證券將包括適用1924年8月25日在布魯塞爾簽署之有關載貨證券某些規定統一規則之國際公約(以下稱為海牙規則)、1968年2月23日在布魯塞爾簽署並修正之議定書(以下稱海牙威士比規則),依此均有其效力。本證券所訂之任何事項,依據海牙威士比規則,本證券所載任何內容,於本契約內均不視為運送人已拋棄其任何權利或免除,或加重其任何責任(Subject to sub-clauses (2) or (3) hereof, this bill of lading shall be governed by, and have effect subject to the rules contained in the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules relating to bills of lading signed at Brussels on 25th August 1924 (hereafter the “Hague Rules”) as amended by the Protocol signed at Brussels on 23rd February 1968 (hereafter the “Hague-Visby Rules”). Nothing contained herein shall be deemed to be either a surrender by the carrier of any of his rights or immunities or any increase of any of his responsibilities or liabilities under the Hague-Visby Rules)。
二、如本證券中有強制的適用海牙規則,並且排除適用海牙威士比規則時,本證券依海牙規則有其效力。本證券所訂任何事項,依據於海牙規則,本證券所載任何內容,於本契約內均不視為已拋棄其任何權利或免除,或加重其任何責任(If there is governing legislation which applies the Hague Rules compulsorily to this bill of lading, to the exclusion of the Hague-Visby Rules, then this bill of lading shall have effect subject to the Hague Rules. Nothing herein contained shall be deemed to be either a surrender by the carrier of any of his rights or immunities or an increase of any of his responsibilities or liabilities under the Hague Rules)。
三、如本證券中有強制適用1978年國際海上貨物運送規則(以下稱漢堡規則),而有排除適用海牙威士比規則時,本證券依漢堡規則有其效力。本證券所訂任何事項,依據漢堡規則,本證券所載任何內容,於本契約內均不視為已拋棄其任何權利或免除,或加重其任何責任(If there is governing legislation which applies the United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods By Sea 1978 (hereafter the“Hamburg Rules”) compulsorily to this bill of lading to the exclusion of the Hague-Visby Rules, then this bill of lading shall have effect subject to the Hamburg Rules. Nothing herein contained shall be deemed to be either a surrender by the carrier of any of his rights or immunities or an increase of any of his responsibilities or liabilities under the Hamburg Rules)。
四、如本證券任何之條款,於適用海牙威士比規則、海牙規則或漢堡規則,而與之牴觸者,在該條款牴觸的範圍內無效,但不更進一步影響其他條款的效力(If any term of this bill of lading is repugnant to the Hague-Visby Rules, or Hague Rules or Hamburg Rules, if applicable, such term shall be void to that extent but no further)。
五、本證券任何事項,在所適用之法令及/或法律之下,對於關係當事人以任何方法排除或限制其權利時,不得解為已限制、排除或拋棄其權利(Nothing in this bill of lading shall be construed as in any way restricting, excluding or waiving the right of any relevant party or person to limit his liability under any available legislation and/or law)。」
至於在「Amwelsh 93」則規定較為簡潔,其第24條(a)款規定:「本載貨證券,如有適用可能時,依美國海上貨物運送法、海牙規則、海牙威士比規則或其他載貨證券之出發點或目的地強制適用此等規定之國內法時,均有其效力。此一規定,已視為已併入於載貨證券中。依據本載貨證券所訂任何事項所適用之法律,不得視為已拋棄其權利或免除,或加重其義務或責任。本載貨證券之用語,與適用之法律牴觸時,該用語以有牴觸之處為限,應屬無效(This bill of lading shall have effect subject to the provisions of the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act of the United States, the Hague Rules, or the Hague-Visby Rules, as applicable, or such other similar national legislation as may mandatorily apply by virtue of origin or destination of the bill of lading, which shall be deemed to be incorporated herein and nothing herein contained shall be deemed a surrender by the carrier of any of its rights or immunities or an increase of any of its responsibilities or liabilities under said applicable Act. If any term of this bill of lading be repugnant to said applicable Act to any extent, such term shall he void to that extent, but no further)。」其實,揆該二格式的內容雖有繁簡之別,內容則大同小異。
【註】
- 參見楊仁壽,法學方法論,第3版,第321頁。
- 簡稱為P&I保險,又稱船舶所有人責任保險(shipowner’s liability insurance)或船舶營運人責任險(ship operators liability insurance),係指由保護及賠償協會(protection and indemnity association)向船舶所有人提供之一種責任保險。












