楊仁壽
1994年代碼「Gencon」之航次傭船契約格式,保障船東的權利,較之1976年格式,更為周密。此固然是由於1994年格式所根據者為1993年Voywar,而1976年格式則根據1950年Voywar,有以致之。但追源溯始,斯4者都是由Baltic所訂定,並無貨物所有人團體參與其事而然。
以Acts Co. Ltd. v. The Sanko Steamship Co. Ltd.一案為例(註1),船東以其所有之Aquacharm號輪,與傭船人訂定一航次之定期傭船契約,雙方同意在NYPE 1946 Time Charter第8條規定:「傭船人以自己之費用,在船長監督下,實施裝載、堆存及平艙(Charterers are to load, stow, and trim the cargo at their expense under the supervision of the Captain)。」於裝載、堆存及平艙之外,另修正加上「與卸載」(and discharge)等字。由於船長指示裝載貨物到該輪通過巴拿馬運河的最大量(Having been ordered to load to maximum draught for a passage through the Panama Canal),他已忘記未注意於通過該運河的一小段是淡水湖,須計入船舶的船首吃水因增大(the master negligently failed to take into account that in passing through a fresh water lake which forms part of, the Canal the ship’s forward draught would increase)的貨物量。其結果,該輪遂被拒絕駛進巴拿馬運河,必須將一部份貨物卸載,改裝他船運送通過運河後,再裝回於該輪(The ship was consequently refused entry to the Canal and part of the cargo had to be discharged, carried through the Canal on another ship and then reloaded)。
船舶所有人與傭船人爭執的焦點,是「卸載」(discharge)應作如何解釋?船舶所有人主張傭船契約第8條既然已將傭船人應負擔之費用,於「裝載」「堆存」及「平艙」之外,另增列「卸載」,則Aquacharm號輪,於駛入運河之前,因超載而「卸載」部分貨物,始符合巴拿馬運河當局之規定,才能通過運河,以達到傭船人營運之目的,卸載費用,自應由傭船人負擔。而傭船人則主張兩造所訂第8條之「卸載」,是指卸載港卸載之費用而言,何況Aquacharm號之「超載」,係因船長之過失,未計入該輪航經運河中的一段是淡水湖,吃水量會增大所致,此項卸載費用,其自無負擔之義務。
兩造訴訟的結果,英國上訴法院(the Court of Appeal)審理後,判決船舶所有人敗訴,指出:「卸載費用,依第8條規定,僅適用於卸載港之卸載而言,不能回收,且補償請求,亦係因船長之過失而然,不能准許(the costs of discharging were not recoverable under Clause 8, which was applicable only to discharging at the port of discharge, and that the claim for an indemnity failed because of the master’s negligence)。」
換言之,在定期傭船契約中,當事人所約定的「卸載港」,是由傭船人所決定,而非船東所能置喙,除非傭船人所指定的卸載港,是「非安全港」(unsafe port),船東或船長亦僅能拒絕駛往而已。而卸載費用,亦指限於原約定卸載港之卸載費用,由傭船人負擔而已,船東不能有所增加。
但1994年航次傭船契約第17條第3項卻規定:「船東於貨物裝載開始後或卸載完畢前,不論航海的階段,依船長及或船東合理的判斷,貨載(全部或一部)、船員或其他在船人員,認為曝露於戰爭危險或有戰爭危險之虞時,不論任何為裝載而繼續航次、或不論載貨證券上簽名駛往任何港口或處所、亦不論航次全部或一部之續行、運河或水路之航行,或不論航行於任何港口或處行或停泊,都不在被傭船人要求之列(The Owners shall not be required to continue to load cargo for any voyage, or to sign Bills of Lading for any port or place, or to proceed or continue on any voyage, or on any part thereof, or to proceed through any canal or waterway, or to proceed to or remain at any port or place whatsoever, where it appears, either after the loading of the cargo commences, or at any stage of the voyage thereafter before the discharge of the cargo is completed, that, in the reasonable judgement of the Master and/or the Owners, the Vessel, her cargo (or any part thereof), crew or other persons on board the Vessel (or any one or more of them) may be, or are likely to be, exposed to War Risks)。」
「於上述情況,船東應對傭船人發出通知,要求其指定為貨物之全部或一部卸載之安全港,傭船人於收到該通知48小時內,不指定這樣的安全港時,船東為了完全履行傭船契約,可以依自己的選擇,不論在任何安全港(包括裝船港),均得卸載貨物(If it should so appear, the Owners may by notice request the Charterers to nominate a safe port for the discharge of the cargo or any part thereof, and if within 48 hours of the receipt of such notice, the Charterers shall not have nominated such a port, the Owners may discharge the cargo at any safe port of their choice (including the port of loading) in complete fulfillment of the Contract of Carriage)。」
船東得對傭船人請求此種卸載追加費用,如卸載在裝載港以外之港口時,得認為貨物到原卸載港已為運送,得收取全部運費。如追加航行的距離超過100海里時,得依通常習慣上航線追加距離之比例,收取追加運費。於此情形,船東就此等費用及運費,對貨物有留置權(The Owners shall be entitled to recover from the Charterers the extra expenses of such discharge and, if the discharge takes place at any port other than the loading port, to receive the full freight as though the cargo had been carried to the discharging port and if the extra distance exceeds 100 miles, to additional freight which shall be the same percentage of the freight contracted for as the percentage which the extra distance represents to the distance of the normal and customary route, the Owners having a lien on the cargo for such expenses and freight)。
換言之,依1994年代碼「Gencon」航次傭船契約規定,卸載港依船長或船東合理的判斷,如果屬於該契約所規定「戰爭危險」的港口時,可依船東所選擇的港口卸貨,其雖附有傭船人自收到通知之時起48小時內答覆,如果逾時不答覆時,不論卸載港在何處,傭船人也無置喙餘地。如果船東所選擇的卸載港超過原約定卸載港100英里時(註2),得依追加距離的比例追加費用。船東就運費及追加費用,對貨物有留置權。由此觀之,在航次傭船契約之選擇卸載港,係由船東選擇,操在其手中了。
兩者相較,航次傭船契約的船東較定期傭船契約的船東為有利,自不待言。又如在Western Sealanes Corp. v. Unimatine S. A.一案(註3),案情稍有不同。在該案中,船東與定期傭船人依NYPE Time Charter訂定傭船契約,係以船東所有之Pythia號輪駛往阿拉伯河(Shatt-al-Arab)(註4)為目標。同時也於NYPE Form第8條加上卸載(and discharge),但一部分貨物必須在該河入口錨地停泊卸載,以減輕船舶負載。其餘貨物預定於約60至70英里上流的霍拉姆沙赫爾港(Khorramshahr)卸載(註5)。惟因該輪於錨地卸載後不久,即發生碰撞事故,因而擬駛往霍拉姆沙赫爾港卸載之貨物,只好又返回錨地卸載,該錨地非屬傭船人新指定的卸貨場所仍係原錨地。於是船東與傭船人發生爭執。亦即原擬駛往霍拉姆沙赫爾那一部分貨物,在原錨地卸載之費用,究應由何人負擔?
經兩造訴訟的結果,法院依據兩造所定第8條之規定,判示擬駛往霍拉姆沙赫爾港卸貨部分的卸載費用,係因該輪發生碰撞,而返回原錨地卸載,並非可歸責於傭船人(按:船舶碰撞,係屬航技上的事項,應由船東負責),所以法院因而判決傭船人無須負擔該部分的卸載貨物。依定期傭船契約固可作如是解,如依1994年代碼「Gencon」航次傭船契約第17條規定,卸載港之選擇,在於船東,其結果恐非如此了。
【註】
- The Aquacharm (1982) 1 Lloyd’s Rep. 7; (1982) 1 W.L.R. 119; (1982) 1 All E.R. 390 (C.A.); aff (1980) 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 237 (Q. B.)。
- 1英里等於344公尺;1海里等於1.852公里。船舶海上的速度,1節等於每1小時走1海里。
- The Pythia (1982) 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 160 (Q. B.)。
- 阿拉伯河,為在伊拉克東南部的河流,由底格里斯和幼發拉底兩河,在古爾奈震(al-Qurnah)匯合,稱為阿拉伯河。又向東南延伸至巴斯拉(Bashrah)附近,與來自伊朗的卡倫河匯流,之下約100公里形成兩伊間的疆界河,在法奧以北注入波斯灣。
- 霍拉姆沙赫爾港,位於伊朗西南部,是該國最大的乾貨港。












