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判斷「戰爭危險」條款之基本要素

楊仁壽

 

「戰爭危險」(war risks)之意義,在20世紀變化甚鉅,以代碼(code name)(註1)「Gencon」(即Uniform General Charter之簡稱,以下均同,不再解釋)為例,其於1922年時,並無所謂「戰爭危險」條款,僅於其第16條規定:「貨物裝載、堆存及卸載,不負擔風險與費用,且貨物應依傭船人自己的風險與費用送到船邊或自船邊提貨(The cargo to be loaded, stowed and discharged free of risk and expense to the vessel and cargo also to be brought to and taken from alongside the vessel at Charterers’ risk and expense)(註2)。」戰爭危險是否包括在內,其意義又如何,並不甚明確。

一般而言,在國際法上的戰爭,僅指國際法所認定的範圍內,國家問及交戰團體間武力鬥爭的狀態而言。至於海上保險所謂戰爭,向來就較廣泛,不拘於此,所以1976年「Gencon」第16條第1項為杜爭議,即直截了當規定:「在各條款所稱『戰爭危險』,包括任何封鎖、或因任何政府、交戰者或其他組織團體所宣稱封鎖的行為、怠工、海賊行為、實際上的戰爭或戰爭威脅(按:指有戰爭危險之虞)、敵對行為、軍事行為、內戰、內亂或革命等(In these clauses “War Risks” shall include any blockade or any action which is announced as a blockade by any Government or by any belligerent or by any organized body, sabotage, piracy and any actual or threatened war, hostilities, warlike operations, civil war, civil commotion or revolution)。」將國際法上之戰爭,與航次傭船契約所稱之戰爭危險,分得一清二楚。

到了1994年「Gencon」第17條第1項(b)款,除了增列1976年所無的「佈雷」(the laying of mine)、反叛(rebellion)、恐怖行為(terrorist),並就「戰爭」或「封鎖」等名詞加以解釋之外,又就其所列戰爭危險,加上「依船長及或船東之合理的判斷,認為對船舶、貨物、船員或其他在船人員有發生危險之可能性或危險」亦包括在內(in the reasonable judgment of the Master and / or the Owners, may be dangerous or are likely to be or to become dangerous to the Vessel, her cargo, crew or other persons on board the Vessel)。這種純粹依船長及船東「合理」的判斷,認為合乎上述所列戰爭危險事項,只要對船舶、貨物、船員或其他在船人員有發生危險之可能性或危險,即屬戰爭危險,一般認為失之廣泛,而且陷於解釋之不確定性,傭船人就此全無置喙餘地,徒然引發訴訟的件數,對契約雙方當事人乃至保險人等,均無益處。

即使在定期傭船人對於由船舶所有人所任命的船長,就有關船舶之使用,應遵照傭船人之命令及指示(The Captain (although appointed by the Owners) shall be under the orders and directions of the Charterers as regards employment)(註3),亦都沒有放寬到船長或船舶所有人有此權限。

例如Baltime第21條第1項亦僅規定:「除非預先獲得船東之同意,不得命令該輪駛往、或不得命令其繼續駛往、或執行任何航次、或使之運送須駛往任何有實際戰爭或有發生戰爭之虞、敵對戰爭、類似戰爭之戰鬥(軍事上之行為),」不論由於何人、個人或國家、革命、內戰、民變或藐視國際法、對該輪有發生任何其他船舶或貨載,有海盜掠奪或敵意或惡意破壞行為所致損失之任何危險或刑罰,亦不得裝運使該輪遭受抵制課徵法令之任何危險或刑罰,亦不得裝運使該輪可能遭受交戰國或招致任何政府或統制者逮捕、掠奪、處罰或任何其他干擾之危險之貨物((A) The Vessel unless the consent of the Owners be first obtained not to be ordered nor continue to any place or on any voyage nor be used on any service which will bring her within a zone which is dangerous as the result of any actual or threatened act of war, war hostilities, warlike operations, acts of piracy or of hostility or malicious damage against this or any other vessel or its cargo by any person, body or State whatsoever, revolution, civil war, civil commotion or the operation of international law, nor be exposed in any way to any risks or penalties whatsoever consequent upon the imposition of Sanctions, nor carry any goods that may in any way expose her to any risks of seizure, capture, penalties or any other interference of any kind whatsoever by the belligerent or fighting powers or parties or by any Government or Ruler)(註4)。

由上可知,即使定期傭船契約格式所規定的內容,也沒有要求可依船舶所有人或船長的判斷,即可便宜行事。以Dhabi National Tanker Co. v. Product Star Shipping Ltd.一案為例(註5),即知其原委。

在該案中,傭船契約附有就所傭Product Star號輪延長6個月選擇權(with charterers’ option for a further six months)的期間。該傭船契約的內容,當事人於1987年4月根據Beepectime 2 form,業已訂明。在所延長的6個月期間,船舶所有人在締結契約的時點,已然了解傭船人配船航線圖,包括駛往阿拉伯灣地區(Arab Gulf areas)港口裝載貨物,該地區阿拉伯聯合大公國各港當然也在其內。依據所追加戰爭危險保險條款,對於傭船人所配船航線的格式內容而觀,在當時追加之基本戰爭保險費,已超過訂定傭船契約時應行支付基本戰爭保險費之數額,而且傭船人業已支付完畢。

依照該傭船契約第40條第2項規定:

「(A)依本傭船契約規定,或所簽發載貨證券條款訂定,若妥當的指示任何裝、卸貨港被封鎖時(If (A) any port of loading or of discharge named in this Charter or to which the vessel may properly be ordered pursuant to the terms of the Bills of Lading be blockaded),或者(or)

(B)戰爭、敵對行為、軍事上的行為、內戰、民變、革命、或為了行使國際法,進入(a)裝、卸貨港,或依船長或船東自己的判斷,在該港口裝卸貨物作業,具有危險,或被禁止與被判斷有此等情事時,或者該輪到達(b)裝、卸貨港,依船長或船東的判斷,具有危險,或不可能被判斷有危險時,於此等情事,傭船人有指示就貨物之全部或受影響貨物之一部,在其他裝卸港裝載或卸載之權利。……(owing to any war, hostilities, warlike operations, civil war, civil commotions or revolutions, or the operation of international law (a) entry to any such port of loading or of discharge or the loading or discharge of cargo at any such port be considered by the Master or Owners in his or their discretion dangerous or prohibited (b) it be considered by the Master or Owners in his or their discretion dangerous or impossible for the vessel to reach any such port of loading or of discharge)。」

本件傭船契約開始前,在阿拉伯海灣其他地區,伊朗軍隊與伊拉克軍隊雙方(兩伊戰爭),已開始攻擊多數的船舶,僅阿拉伯聯合大公國航行的船舶,得以倖免,並未全然受到攻擊。從1987年4月到8月末為止期間,Product Star號輪,從阿拉伯聯合大公國之阿布達比(Ruwais,音譯為「魯瓦斯」)第4度駛往孟加拉(Bangladesh),是時兩伊已開始攻擊阿拉伯灣行駛之船舶,但航行於阿拉伯聯合大公國之危險及範圍卻未增加,仍然安然無恙,雖然如此,船舶所有人自9月開始,依傭船契約第40條之規定,船東與船長都判斷該輪進入阿布達比(魯瓦斯)係屬於危險為理由,拒絕傭船人指示再駛往阿布達比。

兩造因而興訟,英國上訴法院維持第一審法官Diamond法官所作之判決,駁回船舶所有人的上訴,其說明共有3點:

一、行使第40條規定所作判斷(註6),必須出於誠實及善意,不能無分別的獨斷及反覆無常(the discretion under Clause 40 had to be exercised honestly and in good faith, and not arbitrarily, capriciously or unreasonably)。

二、為了解釋第40條之「危險」,該輪航行於阿拉伯聯合大公國,關係到雙方都有共同的意圖。本傭船契約締結時,依傭船契約條款,船東認為該港(指阿布達比)的狀況,就第40條所規定之目的,並非是「危險」(for the purposes of construing “dangerous” in Clause 40, the common intention that the vessel should trade to United Arab Emirates ports was relevant; the Owners had by the terms of the charter accepted that the conditions prevailing at the time it was entered into were not “dangerous” for the purposes of Clause 40 and they were entitled to rely on that clause only if they could show that they reasonably regarded the risks as having increased)。

三、而事實上,該危險迄未增加,船東於拒絕該航次之際是否出於誠實之判斷,不無疑問,無論如何,船東的拒絕是出於不當的獨斷(in fact the risks had not increased, the owners’ good faith in refusing to proceed was questionable and in any event their refusal was arbitrary and unjustified)。

從此一判決可知,履行傭船契約,船東必須要本於誠實、善意、不得見利反覆無常,這是履約的基本精神之所在,一點也取巧不得。定期傭船契約如是,航次傭船契約,更應如是。

 

 

【註】

 

  1. 亦可譯為「代號」,以「航運總會煤炭傭船契約」(Chamber of Shipping Coat Charter Party)為例,該契約係規定「裝貨、卸貨、延滯費及快速費有關條款Conditions of loading, discharge and dispatch」為求簡便,讓人一見即懂,所以航運界給予「簡稱」,以代號或代碼稱之為Medcon。
  2. 英文「risk」一詞,可譯為「危險」或「風險」,依其情形而定,例如在保險用語,幾乎都以「險」字稱之,「risk of boart」即為過駁險;「risk of capture clause」為捕獲險條款;而「risk of collision」為碰撞危險;「risk in transit」即為運送途中風險等,不拘一格。二者實無差別,常視其情形作不同的翻譯。
  3. 參見1946 NYPE Time Charter及Baltime Uniform Charter第9條。
  4. 英文「threatened act of war」於此譯為「有發生戰爭危險之虞」。「malicious damage」譯為惡意破壞所致損失,亦無不可。
  5. The Product Star (No.2), (1993)1 Lloyd’s Rep.397, (C.A.) rev’g (1991) 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 468 (Q.B.)。
  6. 英文「discretion」亦可譯為「裁量」。

 

 

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