Home > 航貿專論 > 「在船長的監督下」的意義

「在船長的監督下」的意義

楊仁壽

 

NYPE Form第8條雖然規定:「傭船人以自己的費用,在船長的監督下,實施裝載、堆存及平艙(……Charterers are to load, stow, and trim the cargo at their expense under the supervision of the Captain)。」如果貨物發生毀損滅失時,在訴訟的策略上,貨物所有人雖得以船舶所有人及定期傭船人為被告,請求連帶負責(joint and several),因為至少其中一人要負損害賠償責任,他就達到目的了。

但法院的判決,就不能如此含混了。除了法律有明文的規定外,只能擇一判決勝訴,另一判決敗訴。然後被判決敗訴的當事人,再依定期傭船契約的條款內容,向他造請求補償。

所以第8條規定,「在船長的監督下」(under the supervision of the Captain),作何解釋,就成為關鍵之所在了。事實上,在先前所舉Nichimen Company v. The Farland一案(註1),船長於貨物裝載及作業時在場,在此一情形下,是否算作「監督」(supervision),因而所發生的毀損滅失,船舶所有人是否亦應負擔一部乃至全部的賠償,就有作進一步的探討了。

以美國最高法院The Nidarholm一案為例(註2),在該案件中,定期傭船契約中含有NYPE Form第8條之規定,在甲板上裝載木材貨物,於裝載後立即導致該輪呈現5度傾斜,以致支撐甲板貨物之剝皮原本柵欄倒塌,大量的木材滑落舷外,掉到海中滅失。經法院調查結果,認為船舶所有人與定期傭船人均有過失,應均等負擔損害賠償責任。亦即從船舶所有人方面言,妥當地保持船舶的安定性與平艙,以維持船舶的適航能力,是屬於船舶所有人責任的一部分。以此之故,導致裝載甲板上的貨物倒榻的原因,固然可以歸責於船舶所有人之過失。但原木柵欄之所以倒榻是由木材堆存,呈現5度傾斜。無從支撐貨物的壓力,也是原因之一,所以定期傭船人亦有過失。

以此而言,NYPE Form第8條之規定,含有二義,一即定期傭船人負責實施貨物的裝載、堆存及平艙,固然應小心注意;二則在船長監督下,實施上述的行為,船長亦不能袖手旁觀,視而不見。

換言之,在NYPE Form第8條的規定之下,最難以解釋的問題,毋寧是「在船長的監督下」(under the supervision of the Captain)一詞的含義了。不過,在理論上,不管在定期傭船契約中,有無此一詞句,從船舶的安全性的觀點來說,船長固然有指揮監督貨物裝卸作業的權利,同時亦有義務注意貨物裝卸作業,是否能維持船舶的安定性。

因之,有此一詞句,對貨物的裝載及堆存,業已緩和了定期傭船人的責任了。舉例以言,為了維持船舶的穩定性,可以說是船長職責之所在,若因欠缺注意,以致發生損失或損害;或船長在實際上指揮監督,而損失或損害起因於其指揮監督之情形等,船舶所有人就要承擔全部或一部的責任了。

以Court Line v. Canadian Transport一案為例(註3),船舶所有人以其所有之Ovington Court號輪,與定期傭船人依NYPE Form締結定期傭船契約,言明在北太平洋與英國或歐洲大陸間往返一航次。在傭船期間中,由於小麥堆存不良受損,船舶所有人於賠償受貨人後,轉向定期傭船人求償,但定期傭船人主張,小麥堆存是船長的責任,拒絕補償,雙方因而興訟。

最後英國上議院(The House of Lords)判決:堆存不良,是傭船人的責任,船舶所有人有求償權(the improper stowage was the charterers’ responsibility and that the owners were entitled to an indemnity),亦即駁回傭船人的主張。雖然在該契約中有「在船長的監督下」一詞,但難課以船長有堆存的責任。

Atkin勛爵指出:「船長作堆存的監督,無論在任何情形下,都屬於當然之事。船長無論如何,都有必要不使船舶欠缺適航能力之責任與義務(The supervision of the stowage by the captain is in any case a matter of cause; he has in any event to protect his ship from being made unseaworthy),如果認為就適航能力以外之點,也作堆存之提示,自亦將使船舶所有人負擔責任,船長當然能作此介入(and in other respects no doubt he has the right to interfere if he considers that the proposed stowage is likely to impose a liability upon his owners)。如果傭船人能舉證證明堆存不良,只依照船長之命令才發生,如傭船人依其自己的作法,適當的堆存的話,就不會發生損害,傭船人當然可以免責(If it could be proved by the charterers that the bad stowage was caused only by the captain’s orders, and that their own proposed stowage would have caused no damage no doubt that might enable them to escape liability)。船長的監督權,我認為即使沒有明示的保留,亦已存在;如有保留,安全的堆存之傭船人本來的義務,亦全然不生免除的效果(But the reservation of the right of the captain to supervise, a right which in my opinion would have existed even if not expressly reserved, has no effect whatever in relieving the charters of their primary duty to stow safely)。關於這一點,完全與建築業者,在建築契約中規定,在建築師的建督之下,進行工事。根據此一規定,建築業者也不能免除其正確地旅行其義務,屬於完全相同的問題(and more than the stipulation that a builder in a building contract should under the supervision of the architect relieves the builder from duly performing the terms of his contract)。」

Wright勛爵也作如下解釋:「在本傭船契約第8條之下,傭船應以自己的費用,實施貨物的裝載、堆存及平艙(under Clause 8 of this charterparty the charterers are to load, stow, and trim the cargo at their expense)。我認為有此規定,必然意味者,傭船人要承擔裝載及堆存的義務(I think these words necessarily import that the charterers take into their hands the business of loading and stowing the cargo)傭船人不僅不能免除本船裝載、推存之義務,即使在傭船人與船舶所有人間也要免除船舶所有人堆存不良的責任(It must follow that they not only relieve the ship of the duty of loading and stowing),但依在『船長的監督之下』一詞,而被限制的情形,又另當別論(but as between themselves and the shipowners relieve them (the shipowners) of liability for bad stowage, except as qualified by the words “under the supervision of the captain”)……。此一文句,雖然明示的賦予船長有監督傭船人之裝載與堆存作業的權利,但這種權利,我認為無論如何是船長所具有的權利(……These words expressly give the master a right which I think he must in any case have, to supervise the operations of the charterers in loading and stowing)。可是,我認為明示地約定此一權利的理由,不僅僅是為了明確地規定權利的存在而已,尤其亦在限制傭船人對於堆存的權利(But I think this right is expressly stipulated not only for the sake of accuracy, but specifically as a limitation of the charterers’ rights to control the stowage)。從而,船長行使監督權,對於限制傭船人支配堆存的情形,相應地取決其程度,傭船人的責任,也才會被限定了(If follows that to the extent that the master exercises supervision and limits the charterers’ control of the stowage, the charterers’ liability will be limited in a corresponding degree)(註4)。」

由此可知,所謂「在船長的監督下」一詞的意義,並不是將有關貨物裝載或堆存的責任,都可以轉嫁到船長身上,只有在傭船人就該貨物堆存不良,是依船長的命令所致,定期傭船人如能舉證證明若依其原本的計畫堆存貨物,就不致發生損害時,傭船人才能免除其責任。

 

 

【註】

 

  1. 462 F. 2d 319 (2d Cir. 1972)。
  2. 282 U. S. 681 (1931)。
  3. (1940) A.C. 934 and (1940) 67 Ll. L. Rep. 161。
  4. 同前註,at p. 943。

 

You may also like
裝卸期間之終了
半額之延滯費
延滯費之請求
laytime與layday的差異