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免責條款與休航條款間之關係

楊仁壽

 

NYPE Form第16條之規定,通稱為「免責條款」(exceptions clause),乍看起來,彷彿是船舶所有人的保護傘,但如作深一層的探究,實則此一條款對船舶所有人或定期傭船人任何一方,均無不利。換言之,定期傭船契約任何一方,都無須承擔該條款所規定之事由,所造成的任何後果。

該條款共分2項,第1項則有2段,第1段就船舶的滅失規定:「本船滅失時,預先支付而不能獲得相對給付之金錢(自滅失或最後消息之日起算),應立即返還傭船人(That should the vessel be lost, money paid in advance and not earned (reckoning from the date of loss or being last heard of) shall be returned to the Charterers at once)。」

第2段則列舉免責事由,規定:「本傭船期間,關於天災、公共敵人之行為、火災、由君主、統治者或人民之抑留,以及海上、河川、汽機、汽缸、船舶航海所有之危險及事故或航海上之過失。當事人相互免責(The act of God, enemies, fire, restraint of Princes, Rule and people, and all damage and accidents of the sea, Rivers, Machinery, Boilers and Steam Navigation, and errors of Navigation throughout this Charter Party, always mutually excepted)。」

第2項規定船舶任意為之事由:「本船僱用引水人同乘或不僱用、拖帶他船或被拖帶、救助遭難船舶或為救助人命或財產的目的而偏航時,由本船任意為之(That vessel shall have the liberty to sail with or without pilots, to tow and to be towed, to assist vessels in distress, and deviate for the purpose of saving life and property)。」

其中較有爭議的是,第1項第2段就傭船期間中之天災(act of God)、公共敵人(enemies)、火災(fire)、由君主、統治者、人民抑留(restraint of Princes, Rule and people)、海上、河川、汽機、汽缸、在船舶航海上之所有危險及事故(all danagers and accidents of the sea, Rivers, Machinery, Boilers and Steam Navigation)以及航海上之過失(errors of Navigation),各當事人可以相互的免責。就其規定意旨而言,從上述被列舉之事由所發生的結果,當事人雙方全部對對方不負責任。不僅船舶所有人受到保護而已,即定期傭船人亦然。

只是要注意的是,即使規定相互的免責,依該條款所規定之旨趣,因免責事由,只是在實際上被妨礙履行之人的責任,予以免除而已,並非連無此情況之對方當事人所應履行之義務,亦一併在免除之列(註1)。

以West India S. S. Co. v. Clyde Commercial S. S. Co.一案為例(註2),在該案中,船舶停泊在巴拿馬科隆港(Colon port)時,2位船員罹患具有傳染性而發高燒的熱病,因而遲延2日,等待船員治癒後,始航向美國的德克薩斯(Texas)的沙賓港(Sabine port)。可是依據德克薩斯州的法律,對於從傳染病發生地區的港口,船舶負有10日間的檢疫(quarantine)義務,因此該輪不得已又花了17日,就該船的船員在該地一一受檢,遲延17日始行出港。

為此,定期傭船人以該輪在巴拿馬的科隆及德克薩斯的沙賓2港所喪失的時間,以船員發病(deficiency of men)為由,拒絕支付該段喪失時間之傭船費,應認為此種情形合乎休航條款(off-hire,即停付傭船費條款,以下同)之規定。而船舶所有人不為然,因而對定期傭船人提起訴訟,請求定期傭船人支付該段期間之傭船費。

法院審理結果,就船舶在巴拿馬與德克薩斯2部分的時間分別判決,亦即就該輪在巴拿馬2日期間,相當於船員發病,定期傭船人免於支付傭船費。但就該輪在德克薩斯17日之檢疫期間,則與人員發病不相當,認為此乃是「君主、統治者及人民的抑留」(Restraint of Princes, Rules and People)所為(註3),船舶所有人可以免責,但定期傭船人卻不能免除其支付傭船費之義務。

Freehil教授為此提出說明(註4),為何依相互免責條款的規定,船舶所有人可以免責,而定期傭船人卻不能免除支付傭船費之義務?其關鍵之所在,在於本件船舶到達德克薩斯時,船上全體船員都處於健康的狀態,儘管在此一情況下,船舶所有人仍處可以履行其義務的狀態,儘管在此一情況下,船舶所有人仍處可以履行其義務的狀態,但由於發生NYPE Form所定免責之事由,以致不能執行其義務,所以其得以請求支付傭船費。亦即在此情況下,實際上受到阻礙履行之情形者,不過是船舶所有人而已。至於傭船人所舉該事由,與休航條款所定之事由不相當,所以不能免除其支付傭船費之義務。

之所以有此歧異的結果,乃相互免責條款與休航條款所列事由,殆多重複,才會造成因2條條款的關係為何,而成為爭執的問題。Gilmore & Black在所著The Law of Admiralty一書(註5),即認為相互免責條款,並非在限制傭船費的支付義務,在實際上只是做為防禦責任的盾牌(The exceptions clause thus must be a shield against liability rather than a limitation on the stoppage of hire)而已。2者並不是有絕對的關聯。

Gilmore & Black更進一步的解釋稱:「免責條款與休航條款之間是有區別的,但令人更感興趣的是,它們之間的內在關係(Borderline cases arise under each of these to clauses (exceptions clause and cesser of hire clause), but the most interesting problem is their interrelation)。如果將這2條聯繫起來,詳加分析,首先及最明顯的結論,就是縱使船舶是由於某種『免責』的原因不能使用,但『免責』條款,卻不能使傭船人根據『機器損壞』(休航條款的事由之一,以下同)條款停付傭船費(The first and most obvious consequence of the their being read carefully together is the perception that the “exceptions” clause cannot prevent the stoppage of hire under the “breakdown” clause, even though the ship is put out of service by one of the “excepted” causes)。如果不是這樣的話,則機器損壞條款,在大多數的情況下,將被看作毫無作用的條款,因為絕大多數停付傭船費的原因,殆都可以『免責』的,亦因此之故,所以說『免責』條款必然只是防禦責任的盾牌,而非對停付傭船費的限制(If this were not so, the breakdown clause would largely be nullified, for most of the clause which stop hire are also “excepted”. The “exceptions” clause thus must be a shield against liability rather than a limitation on the stoppage of hire)。」

「從理論上而言,『正常營運』是指船舶本身的能力,而不是指從外部加於船舶的行為(on the theory that “full working” refer to the capacity of the vessel herself and not to externally imposed compulsion)(註6)。」

「根據通常的法律原則,停付傭船費條款,並不能免除船舶所有人違反其他規定的責任。該結論似乎具有其商業上的合理性(In accordance with ordinary rules of law. This conclusion seems commercially reasonable)。如機器發生故障,傭船人通常就不能再繼續使用船舶,因不能使用船舶而停止支付傭船費的規定,完全不具有約定或非約損害賠償金的性質,而僅是當傭船人不能使用船舶時,船舶所有人不再收取傭船費而作出的一項承諾(the charterer, in the case of breakdown, always loss the use of the vessel, and a stipulation that he not pay for that use is not all in the nature of “damage” liquidated or not, but simply an assurance that he will not pay for something he does not get)。」而已。

「而遲延損害賠償金的出發點與之則完全不同,它不僅可用以調整收到物品的價值,而且也是對當事人因對方當事人的過失,所造成的後果作出的補償。當然,在具體問題上,應根據免責條款的規定,作出評價。船舶所有人不應對該條款中列舉的任何一項原因,相繼產生的損害賠償承擔責任,除非這是由於船舶所有人的過失所引起的(Damages for delay are on quite a different footing; they are not a mere device for adjusting prince to the quantum of the thing receive, but compensate the party for the consequences of the other’s fault)。」

「如果把這2個條款聯繫起來分析,問題就更明白了,『機器損壞條款』事實上並不能視為有關約定損害賠償的規定,因為船舶所有人根據免責條款,就能完全免除機器損壞條款中絕大多數列舉原因所產生的賠償責任。而對機器損壞條款的理解,僅限於文字表達的內容,並不具有超越該條款意旨更廣的內涵(The Practical question is, of course, to be evaluated, in the light of the “exceptions clause”. The owner cannot be held for damages ensuing from any of the causes named there, unless his own fault contributed. But reading the two clause together makes it even clearer that the breakdown clause is not to be taken as a provision, in effect, for liquidated damages , for as we have seen, the owner is immunized entirely, by the exceptions clause, from liability arising from most of the causes named in the breakdown clause. The latter clause, it seems clear, outlet to be read to mean that just what at appears to say, and no to contain wide implications beyond it apparent tenor)。」

 

 

【註】

 

  1. Wilford, Coghlin, Healy, Jr. & Kimball, Time Charters, 2nd ed., 1982, p. 300。
  2. 169 F. 275 (2d Cir. 1909), cert. denied, 214 U.S. 523 (1909)。
  3. 我國海商法第69條第8款,將其意譯為:「有權力者之拘捕、限制或依法程序之扣押」,與海牙規則第4條第2項第g款「Arrest or restraint of princes, rules or people or seizure under legal process」之規定,與NYPE Form第16條第1項第2段之用語,出入不少。
  4. Freehil Mutually Excepted Perils, 49 Tul. L. Rev. 901 (1975)。
  5. The Law of Admiralty, 2nd ed. p.234。
  6. 同上,235。
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