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船舶所有人的撤船權

楊仁壽

 

Baltime Form第6條亦同時規定船舶所有人的「撤船權」(the right of withdrawing the Vessel),當定期傭船人怠於支付傭船費時,船舶所有人即得行使「船舶撤回權」(簡稱為撤船權,以下同)。惟須注意者,船舶所有人於行使撤船權時,必須於相當期間內,對定期傭船人為撤船之通知(notice of withdrawal),若不於定期傭船人怠於支付傭船費後之相當期間內通知定期傭船人時,就將被認為其已決定放棄撤船權,不能出爾反爾,再予行使。

上述第6條第3段雖然規定:「不依約給付傭船費時,船舶所有人不必提任何異議與不受任何法庭或任何其他機關當局之干預,自傭船人的營運中撤船,並得另行向傭船人提出因本傭船契約所受任何損害賠償之主張,傭船人不得持有異見(In default of payment the Owners to have the right of withdrawing the vessel from the service of the Charterers, without noting any protest and without interference by any court or any other formality whatsoever and without prejudice to any claim the Owners may otherwise have on the Charterers under the Charter)。」不過僅在說明定期傭船人支付傭船費的義務,係屬於其絕對的義務而已。亦即不問定期傭船人有無過失,只要其不付傭船費,即應就其不付的後果負責。

然而由於定期傭船人違反了支付傭船費的義務,即使船舶所有人能夠行使撤船權,如果在船舶所有人方面,存有一定的狀況時,將被視為其已拋棄撤船權(waiver of the right to withdraw),不得再予行使。舉例以言,諸如①船舶所有人「遲延受領支付」(acceptance of a late payment),②延遲行使撤船權(delay in exercising the right to withdraw)等情形,皆其適例。

但類此情形,得否即行認定船舶所有人業已拋棄其撤回權,在判斷上殊屬不易,經常引發爭論。例如在Mardorf Peach & Co. Ltd. v. Attica Sea Carriers Corp.一案(註1),船舶所有人與定期傭船人依NYPE Form,就Laconia號輪訂立定期傭船契約,訂明傭船費,傭船人應每半月預付到First National City Bank倫敦分行船舶所有人的帳戶內。因支付期日某次剛好是星期日,所以傭船人所開戶的銀行,到了翌日15時許,才將該項金額,以「指示支付」(payment order)的方式,發到船舶所有人所開戶的銀行。之後,該銀行立即開始辦理指示支付書的行內手續。

此項指示書,在銀行間一向被認為等同「現金」(the equivalent of cash),通常於銀行收到該指示書後,約在24時間內,會列入顧客的帳戶之內。在先前,銀行於收到傭船費時,都會以電話告知船舶所有人在倫敦的代理行,可是船舶所有人的代理行,卻拒絕受領該筆傭船費,而且要求該銀行退還。船舶所有人所開戶的銀行,遂於翌日上午,對傭船人所開戶的銀行,作同額的支付指令,予以退還。船舶所有人即於星期一下午18時55分,對定期傭船人通知撤船。

兩造為此爭論,提出訴訟。最後到了英國上議院(the House of Lords),判示:船舶所有人有撤船的權利,其行使權利為有效(the owners were entited to withdraw and had done so effectively)。上議院的理由是,「即使徒然過了支付傭船費的日期,亦僅於船舶所有人已受領了傭船費,才能認為其已拋棄了撤船的權利。要妥適的支付,船舶所有人所開戶的銀行已然收受了支付指示,並在其行內已著手處理,就不能認為船舶所有人已拋棄了他的權利(The late tender of hire could only be relevant if the owners were held to have accepted it and thus waived their right to withdraw, and the receipt of the payment order by their bank and the processing work that was begun upon it did not amount to any such waiver)。」

Salmon勛爵指出:「傭船費全額,在翌日返還Midland銀行以前,已完成了支付指示之行內事務處理,即使已登入船舶所有人的帳戶,以此來認定船舶所有人業已拋棄了權利,是否正當?是有疑問的(I doubt whether even if the processing of the payment order had been completed and the owners’ account had been credited with the full amount of the payment order before that amount was returned to the Midland Bank on the following day, a finding of waiver could have been justified)。銀行不待顧客的指示,就代替顧客,收受了過了期限所支付的傭船費或加以拒絕,逕作了商業上的決定,顯然已逾越了給與銀行明示或默示的權限(Certainly it was not within the banker’s express or implied authority to make commercial decisions on behalf of their customers by accepting or rejecting late payments of hire without taking instructions)。銀行對船舶所有人要求其指示,命其拒絕收受支付。銀行遂拒絕收受支付,並於翌日將之返還傭船人,此點無論怎麼看,也可以說是在合理化的時間內所為(They did take instruction and were told to reject the payment. They did so and returned it to the charterers on the following day which on any view must have been within a reasonable time)。如果銀行在長時間,將該傭船費留在手邊,以致傭船人相信船舶所有人業已收受傭船費,這將是自然不過的事了。有此情事,船舶所有人就變成已拋棄其撤船權了。可是,在本件並無此等情事發生(If the bank had kept the payment for an unreasonable time, the charterers might well have been led to believe that the owners had accepted payment. This would have amounted to a waiver of their right to withdraw the vessel. But nothing of the kind happened in the present case)」等語,可以說,已道破其關鍵之所在了。

其他的案例,諸如Scandinavian Trading Tanker Co. A.B. v. Flota Petrolera Ecuatoriana(註2)、International Bulk Carriers v. Evlogia Shipping(註3)等案,法院的判決理由,亦都持類似的觀點,在此就不再贅述了。

總之,即使定期傭船人自己僅有細微的疏忽,或其銀行輕忽的結果,都會遭到船舶所有人撤船,致使定期傭船契約發生消滅。這對定期傭船人而言,都將要嚴肅的面對。但依其情事,如果船舶所有人動輒祭出撤船的方法,如果經認有過於嚴苛的情事時,在一定的狀況下,求諸衡平法上的救濟(equitable relief),亦非絕無可能,但畢竟此等情形,少之又少。

此正如Simon勛爵,在1977年Mardort Peach & Co. Ltd. v. Attica Sea Carriers Corp.一案(註4)所說的「與傭船契約有關聯的,就是衡平法上的救濟,依其事件的性質,僅限於極其稀少情事,才有其可能。亦即定期傭船人支付傭船費遲延,全都因意外的事故所引起,船舶所有人亦不因而受到任何損害;但撤船的結果,卻將造成定期傭船人顯著重大的損失,若從健全的商業人來看,船舶所有人認此是傭船人懈怠的好時機,此時不撤船,更待何時!這應被認為不合理的」等語,一般認有此情形,將被認為有依衡平法上救濟的必要。

Lloyd法官在1980年Afovos Shipping Co. S.A. v. R. Pagnan & F. Lli一案(註5),亦承認「在極例外的情形下,定期傭船契約上撤船權的效力,始被認為有使之喪失之特別權限」。依該案例的事實是,①定期傭船契約中,已插入於撤船前48小時內,應向傭船人通知,②船舶所有人已盡催促傭船人支付之義務,③傭船人支付傭船費遲延,完全歸責於銀行的過失。必須合乎以上情事,船舶所有人行使撤船權,才可認為不正當。不過,仍有學者就此持有不同的看法(註6)。

 

 

【註】

 

  1. The Laconia, (1977) 1 Lloyd’s Rep. 315 (H.L.)。
  2. The Scaptrade, (1983) 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 253。
  3. The Mihalios Xilas, (1979) 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 303 (H.L.)。
  4. 同註1。
  5. The Afovos, (1980) 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 469 (Q.B.)。
  6. Michael Wilford, Terence Coghlin, Nicholas J. Healy, Jr. Time Charters, 2nd ed., 1982 p. 170。

 

 

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