楊仁壽
定期傭船契約中的「休航條款」(off-hire clause),或稱為「停租條款」或「停付傭船費條款」,係指原本依定期傭船契約所訂之傭船費,定期傭船人基於船舶的利用,所應給付傭船所有人的對價,於定期傭船人在實際上不能利用船舶之期間,自應免除其支付傭船費義務的條款。
因之,定期傭船人依「休航條款」所訂事由發生時,喪失其對所傭船舶的利用,不能以之來營運,其舉證的責任,自在於定期傭船人,應由其舉證證明其事由存在,才能免除其支付傭船費之義務。在此意義下,可以說是此乃定期傭船契約與航程傭船契約不同特質的條款之一,因此常會發生諸如:①休船期間應如何計算?②定期傭船人違反義務以致發生休航事由,如何處理?等問題。
Baltime Form第11條為解決此等問題,規定得鉅細無遺,共分2段。(A)段規定:「如因進塢或其他維持該論效能之規定所必需,缺少人員或船舶所有人應供給之船用物品,機器損壞、船體遭受損或意外事故,不論其為妨礙或阻礙該輪之運作,如果超過連續24小時,則於該輪不能執行當時規定之任務期間,不支付傭船費。預付之傭船,須據此結算((A) In the event of dry docking or other necessary measures to maintain the efficiency of the Vessel, deficiency of men or Owners’ stores, breakdown of machinery, damage to hull or other accident, either hindering or preventing the working of the Vessel and continuing for more than twenty four consecutive hours, no hire to be paid in respect of any time lost thereby during the period in which the Vessel is unable to perform the service immediately required. Any hire paid in advance to be adjusted accordingly)。」
(B)段規定:「如該輪因受天氣惡劣,而迫使進港口或投錨、載運貨物駛進淺水港口、或須經淺灘之河道或港口、或貨物遭受意外損害,該輪之任何滯船與因該項滯船而生之各項費用,均由傭船人負擔,縱使該項遲延與因之而生之各項費用,或其發生之原因,不論其起因於或由於船舶所有人之受僱人疏忽所致,均歸傭船人負擔((B) In the event of the Vessel being driven into port or to anchorage through stress of weather, trading to shallow harbors or to rivers or ports with bars or suffering an accident to her cargo, any detention of the Vessel and/or expenses resulting from such detention to be for the Charterers’ account even if such detention and/or expenses, or the cause by reason of which either is incurred, be due to, or be contributed to by, the negligence of the Owners’ servants)。」
Scrutton氏針對此2問題,認為期間休航條款(指停租條款或停付傭船費條款,以下同),第11條乃規定①從發生特定的事由開始,以迄其終了時止,其期間休航;②定期傭船在實際上所發生的喪失時間,作為休航的期間(註1)。而Wilford等氏則稱前者為「期間休航條款」(period, off-hire clause),稱後者為「實際喪失時間的休航條款」(net loss of time off-hire clause)。類此在實際上的案例,不知凡幾。例如在Tynedale v. Anglo-Soviet一案(註2),就以「停止傭船費從喪失時間開始,直到船舶開始又能有效的營運為止」(hire to cease from commencement of such loss of time until steamer is again in efficient state to resume service)文字來說明(註3),乍看起來,2者似無差異,但實際言之,其義卻有廣狹之分。
要理解其差異之所在,必須從NYPE Form第15條的規定說起。該條規定:「因人員或船用品不足,火災,船體、輪機、設備之故障或損壞、擱淺,依本船或貨物之海損事故而滯船、為船底的檢查或塗抹油漆而入塢,或其他情事,而妨礙本船運作狀況之一切情事,致喪失時間時,傭船費的支付,於該期間中止(That in the event of the loss of time from deficiency of men or stores, fire, breakdown or damages to hull, machinery or equipment, grounding, detention by average accidents to ship or cargo, dry docking for the purpose of examination or painting bottom, or by any other cause preventing the full working of vessel, the payment of hire shall cease for the time thereby);因本船隻船體、汽機或裝備之欠缺或故障,以致在航海中,速力減低時,因此所生之時間喪失,增加燃料費以及臨時增加的各項費用,應由傭船費中扣除(and if upon the voyage the speed be reduced by defect in or breakdown of any part of her hull, machinery or equipment the time so lost, and the cost of any extra fuel consumed in consequence thereof, and extra expenses shell be deducted from the hire)。」
由於NYPE Form此條有「傭船費之支付,於該期間中止」(the payment of hire shall cease for the time thereby lost)之句,所以Wilford等氏引以為據,贊同採廣義的解釋。英美案例就上述廣狹二義間的爭論,於此舉出幾件典型的案例來說明。
在Smailes v. Evans一案(註4)。船舶所有人與定期傭船人就Carisbrook號所訂之定期傭船契約規定:「因妨礙本船之工作損害的喪失時間,如超過24小時之後起,直至本船回復運作能力以前,停止傭船費之支付(In the event of loss of time from……damage preventing the working of the vessel for more than twenty-four running hours, the payment of hire shall cease until she be again in an efficient state to resume her service)。後因該輪在航行中觸礁(擱淺),不得已將貨物卸載,入塢修繕。因此,傭船費的支付,究竟應於修理完畢之10月18日再行給付?抑應於再裝貨完畢後之10月30日再行給付呢?或回到原發生事故的原點?兩造為此發生爭執。Bailhache法官判決指出:「由於修理已完畢,本船業已回復運作能力,應開始再支付傭船費(after completing repairs the ship was again in an efficient state and hire became payable)。」其理由是:「由於本件事故,直到10月30日上午8時30分為止之時間,業已喪失運作能力,是無可置疑的。我認為如果所規定的休航條款,對於喪失事故之結果的全部時間,都無須支付傭船費的話,則(傭船人法庭辯護律師的)主張,才能算是正確的。可是,該規定並未使用類此文句(It is quite true that there was time lost by the accident until 8.30 a.m. on October 30, and if the clause had said (charterers’ cousel’s) contention would, I think, have been right. But that is not the language used)。」
依此一案例,可謂如Bailhache所指,定期傭船人在有「實際喪失時間時,從邏輯上來說,即使船舶已完全地恢復運作能力之後,依休航事由所生時間之喪失,有從傭船費扣除之權利,例如船舶如有必要回歸到因休航事由發生之原點時,傭船人有權利將航行到該地點所喪失之時間予以扣除,可謂採極其廣義的見解。」
可是,Bailhache上述的見解,在稍早之Vogemann v. Zanziber一案(註5),卻被推翻。不僅歷審就此的判決相同,即使訴訟到了上訴法院,各法官的見解仍然一致,這在英國法院並非罕見,但此案例在研究類此問題上,仍饒有趣味。
該案的事實大約如下:Zanzibur號輪的定期傭船契約中,其休航條款言明:「船員或船用物品不足、輪機故障或損壞,船舵或推進器破損或損壞、擱淺(在河川地情形除外),因船舶或貨物之海損事故而滯船,或因其他有妨礙船舶之完全的業務(包括貨物的裝載、卸載)的事由,以致喪失時間等情事,於連續超過24小時之時間喪失後,直到船舶恢復運作能力以前,都無須支付傭船費(That in the event of loss of time from deficiency of men or stores, breakdown, or damage of machinery or damage to rudder or propeller, grounding, but not in river, detention by average accidents to ship or cargo, or by other cause preventing the full working of the vessel (loading and/or discharging cargo) the payment of hire shall cease for the time exceeding twenty-four hours thereby lost)。」
Zanzibur號輪從德國漢堡(Hamburg)航行到美國的途中,因海損事故不得已回航到愛爾蘭的昆士敦(Queens Town)修理。該輪從發生事故時起,以迄從昆士敦出港時止,這一段期間,很明顯地屬於休航。但定期傭船人卻主張,從發生事故的地點,到船舶復航到該地點為止,都繼續屬於時間的喪失,因此該輪於到達到該地點以前都算繼續休航,自無須支付該段期間的傭船費。
Phillimore法官針對「在發生事故之地點,到船舶復歸到該地點為止之時間,傭船人是否應支付傭船費」的問題,認為這是屬於休航條款中「因船舶或貨物之海損事故滯船」(detention by average accidents to ship cargo)一詞的解釋問題。他作以下的說明:「我認為解釋休航條款最安全的方法,是將該條款視為例外或權利消滅的條件之一(I think the safest way of construing that clause (the off-hire clause) is to regard it as one of exception or defeasance)。依據該條款,傭船費從應支付其間起,被扣除一定的時間(By the clause certain days are deducted from those for which hire is to be paid and it was)。我以為傭船人如果期盼再有扣除的事項,應將此插入於條款中,使之負有義務(I think, the duty of the charterer to insert in the clause everything which he wished to have deducted)。就本件而言,被認為問題所在之時間,並不適用於條款中之文義,但原告主張的根據,卻在於上述所引用之文句(There is no provision in terms covering the time in question in the case, but the words I have read are relied on by the plaintiff in support of his contention)。依我的見解,『滯船』一詞,在本件不能適用(In my opinion the word “detention” does not apply here)。『滯船』一詞,並沒有比類如『遲延』那麼強烈的字樣(“Detention” is not quite such a strong word as for example “delay”)。船舶由於需修理而回航,限於在該地繫留,才屬於滯船。可是我認為船舶業已修理完畢,恢復了原狀,既然已再行開始航海,就不能說是滯船了(A vessel is detained when she is sent back to a port for repairs, and so long as she is kept there for the purpose of being repaired. But I do not think that a vessel can be said to be detained when, the repairs having been finished, she has made a fresh start and is once more proceeding on her voyage)。」
Bailhache法官並於該判決附帶作了說明:「計算該輪又復歸到原地點之正確的時間,實極為困難(it would be very difficult to calculate the exact time at which the ship had recovered the lost ground)。」
上訴法院(The Count of Appeal)審理結果,維持了Phillimore法官的判決,駁回了定期傭船人的上訴。類似我國法院「審判長」之記錄長官(M.R. Master of the Rolls之簡稱,直譯為「記錄主事官」)Collins更附言指出:「船舶因意外事故停止運作,全回復到能運作能力時,就應重行開始支付傭船費了,這於條款之解釋是理所當然的,如果採與此不同的解釋時,則計算時間的喪失就愈臻複雜了(when the accident ceased to prevent the full working of the vessel, the hire became again payable. This is the natural construction of the clause, and any other construction would involve intricate calculations as to the time which had been lost)。」
Stirling及Conzens-Hardy兩位法官也都支持原審的判斷,Stirling法官更明顯的支持稱:「基於船舶於修理完了之時,船舶業已完全回復運作能力,並與條款中的用語『滯船』並不相當(he did so on the ground that when the ship had been repaired she was once more in full working order and no longer “detained” within the meaning of the clause)。」等語。
由此,不難看出在Vogemann v. Zanziber一案,上、下級審的判決,就因海損事故的「滯船」所致時間喪失的情形,都僅就船舶在「滯船」期間中停止支付傭船費,採狹義的解釋,並不包括「遲延」在內。
可是,Roche勛爵,在Tynedale v. Anglo-Soviet一案(註6),就此卻隻字不提「滯船」與「遲延」的差異,一般都解為其採廣義的解釋。因此NYPE Form第15條即規定:「……而妨礙本船運作狀況之一切情事,致喪失時間時,傭船費的支付,於該期間中止」;Baltime Form第11條(A)段亦規定:「自該輪不能執行當時規定之任務期間,不支付傭船費。」都明文規定在船舶能完全運作時,即應開始支付傭船費。類此爭議,到此就打上了休止符。
【註】
- Scrutton, on Charterparties and Bills of Lading, 19th ed. 1984, p.p. 368~371。
- (1936) 41 Com. Cas. 206 (C.A.)。
- Michael Wilford, Terence Coghlin, Nicholas J. Healy, Jr. Time Charters, 2nd ed., 1982 p. 245 et seq。
- (1917) 2 K.B. 54。
- (1902) 7 Com. Cas. 254。
- 同註2。












