楊仁壽
定期傭船契約的保持條款(The maintenance),端在透過傭船期間,課以船舶所有人負擔維持船舶處於適航的狀態(reinforces the express warranty of seaworthiness provided in the preamble, and imposes on the owners the duty of maintaining the vessel in a seaworthy condition throughout the charter term)。
依英國法有如此之義務,依美國法亦復如此。然嚴格言之,在NYPE Form上的保持條款,所課以船舶所有人之義務,乃係比絕對的義務較為輕的義務(imposes an obligation which is less than absolute)。雖然如此,定期傭船人非不得於定期傭船契約內,載明船舶所有人必須負擔適航能力的絕對義務,將免責約款排除在外。
例如在The Saxon Star一案(註1),上訴法院就指出,「如果在保持條款起初就記載『船舶必須監牢強固,在所有各點均適於運送業務,除了海上的危險以外,透過航海,都要維持這樣的狀況』,則船舶所有人所負的義務,就是絕對的義務」(an absolute obligation was created by a clause reading, “being tight, staunch and strong, and every was fitted for the voyage, and to be maintained in such condition during the voyage, perils of the sea excepted.” The maintenance provision was written as part of the initial warranty of seaworthiness)。
上述保守條款,所記載者,乃是將該條款,作為傭船始期適航性擔保的一部分,其記載本身,亦已涉及了海上危險等免責事項。如果在保守條款中,試圖課以船舶所有人比絕對的義務較輕度的義務,免責事項更應加以著墨,今既已於絕對的義務之外,又將免責事項規定其內,則船舶所有人所負保持條款的義務,自然負比絕對的義務輕了。
在這裡,最明確的例子,就是前舉Adamastos Shipping v. Anglo-Saxon Petroleum一案(註2)了,該案說來話長,但在保持條款的案例中,迄今居於舉足輕重的地位,又不能不說。該案在定期傭船契約中所涉及的,是傭船契約的始期以及其後有關船舶適航性的問題。
如所週知,NYPE Form 46’第24條規定:「在本傭船契約下,以美國為輸入或輸出地之貨物,於此合意依1893年2月13日(註3),經美國聯邦議會承認『關於船舶之航海等之法律』所規定之一切條款、規定或免責條款。除此之外,傭船契約,依基於本契約所發行之載貨證券,應插入下述2條款(It is also mutually agreed that this Charter is subject to all the terms and provisions of and all the exemptions from liability contained in the Act of Congress of the United States approves on the 13th days of February, 1893, and entitled “An Act relating to Navigation of Vessel; etc.,” in respect of all cargo shipped under this charter to or from the United States of America. It is further subject to the following clauses, both of which are to be included in all issued hereunder):
一、美國法至上條款:本載貨證券依1936年4月16日所承認美國海上貨物運送法之規定,亦有其效力。並將該法之規定,視為已插入本載貨證券。此外,本載貨證券所訂任何事項,基於該法,視為拋棄運送人之權利或免除之特權,或不加重其責任及義務。本證券之文義,有牴觸該法律之處時,其文義在牴觸的限度內無效。(U. S. A. Clause Paramount: This bill of lading shall have effect subject to the provisions of the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act of the United States, approved April 16, 1936, which shall be deemed to be incorporated herein, and nothing herein contained shall be deemed a surrender by the carrier of any of its rights or immunities or an increase of any of its responsibilities or liabilities under said Act. If any term of this bill of lading be repeguant to said Act to any extend, such term shall be void to that extent, but no further.)
二、雙方過失碰撞條款……(略)。(Both-to-Blame Collision Clause……)」。
簡言之,1893年哈德法之適用時間,包括於貨物裝載前至貨物卸載後交付前,亦有其適用,然而定期傭船契約,依契約自由之原則,船舶所有人與定期傭船人於訂約時,既可將前述至上條款刪除,亦可作部分的修正。若未加以刪除或修正,依NYPE Form第24條至上條款的適用,以美國為輸入地或輸出地之貨物,仍有美國法之適用。
果係如此,定期傭船契約依第24條之規定,將前述美國法併入(incorporation)的效果,即有以下3點:
一、傭船契約明示地於其始期負適航性的擔保義務,該船舶適航能力的絕對責任,已因併入,只須盡相當的注意,即為已足,無形中責任業已從絕對責任變成過失責任,而獲得減輕。
二、因美國法的併入,船舶所有人對於船舶的適航性,只需於傭船契約上各個航海,於發航前及發航時,盡相當之義務,使船舶有適航能力,船舶所有人之責任已盡。
三、美國法之併入,其上所有的規定,等同全部訂入於定期傭船契約之內,船舶所有人與定期傭船人間之權利義務,同受美國法的規範。
明乎此,再來瞭解上述所舉The Saxon Star一案的法律關係,就會一目瞭然了。在該案中,Saxon Star船舶必須於18個月的期間內,繼續完成航海,但由於船舶上輪機人員能力不足,以致輪機常發生故障,迫使該輪多次航海遲延,甚至空船航海。因此,定期傭船人主張該輪顯然欠缺適航能力,以致其無法於傭船期間內,完成其訂約之初,所預定所有實際運送貨物的航次。
船舶所有人則抗辯稱:定期傭船契約內,已將美國至上條款併入,其所負船舶適航能力的絕對擔保義務,已減輕至過失責任,其只須盡相當的注意義務,即已盡到義務了。
最後經法院審理結果,英國上議院(House of Lords)依據定期傭船契約併入美國至上條款(註4)作成判決如下:
一、將海牙規則併入傭船契約,是依當事人明確的意思而訂定,自須將該意思賦予效果。因此,至上條款中所稱之「本載貨證券」,必須轉換讀成「本傭船契約」(It was plainly the intention of the parties to incorporate the Hague Rules into the charter and this intention should be given effect to; so the words in the Paramount Clause “This bill of lading” should be read as “This charter-party”)。
二、美國法第5條之規定,應無傭船契約之適用,可無視該法存在(Section 5 of the United States Act, which provides that the Act is not to apply to charter parties, was to be ignored)。
三、傭船契約之適用,因具有世界性,美國法限制必須向美國輸入與由美國輸出之航海之規定,必須無視之。因之航海之起點及終點,不論在何處,均有該法之適用(The charter being of word-wide scope, the limitation in the United States Act to voyages to and from the United States should be disregarded and voyage should be subject to the Act regardless of where they started or finished)。
四、美國法──海牙規則所示義務的標準,不管是空船航海或載貨航海等一切航次,都有其適用(The standards of obligation introduced by the United States Act—The Hague Rules—were applicable to all voyages whether these were in ballast or with cargo)。
五、有關美國法第4條第1項所規定「滅失或損害」之船舶所有人負責條款,不僅指貨物在物理上之毀損滅失,即於此被主張之損失,亦即傭船契約所約定航次的減少,導致傭船人的損失,也都包含在內(The immunity given to the owners by Section 4(1) of the United States Act in respect of “loss or damage” extended beyond physical loss or damage to cargo and covered the loss here claimed, namely the loss to the charterers from the reduction in the number of voyages under the charter)。依此判決,因美國至上條款,併入於定期傭船契約之內,船舶所有人的責任已減輕了不少。船舶所有人的保持義務,也同被減輕了。
【註】
- (1957) Lloyd’s Rep. 271。
- The Saxon Star, (1957) Lloyd’s Rep. 271。
- 指哈德法,於美國仍部分有效,如貨物裝載前及裝載後交付前,仍有美國法之適用,即其一例。
- 英國法院依據定期傭船契約,適用美國法。












