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使用上的安全性

楊仁壽

 

定期傭船人負有擔保「安全港」(safety of ports)配船之義務,此項義務,當然也包括「船席的擔保」(the safe berth warranty),一般稱此為「使用上的安全性」(safety in use)。亦即該船席,就當該船舶而言,也必須安全,此一安全的約定,無須明示,就已蘊含於安全港之中,一併予以擔保。

定期傭船人擔保船席最重要的要素(the most important element),就是定期傭船人對當該船舶,負有提供於裝載貨物的狀態,有充分水深的船席的義務(sufficient water for the vessel in loaded condition)。例如在The Harding一案(註1),紐約南區地方法院就針對裝貨的船席,水深不足,因而使當該船舶發生損害,傭船人負有賠償之義務(the charterers were held that liable for damages to the vessel caused by insufficient water at the loading berth),作為判斷之依據。

在Appeal of U.S. Lines. Inc.,一案(註2),因碼頭有明顯的破損的狀態,連垂直樁子及橫繩也都欠缺,以致當該船舶撞及碼頭受損,傭船人配船到如此不堪的船席,因而被判違反擔保的義務,應負其責(it was held that the charterer breached the warranty by directing the vessel to a berth that was obviously in disrepair and against which the vessel sustained damage because of the absence of vertical pilings and horizontal stringers)。

至於船舶進塢保養,如船塢本身處於良好的狀態,船舶在強風吹襲下,撞到堤岸,以致受損,法院則認為傭船人無須負責(where the dock is in good order and condition, and the vessel is damaged as the result of making contract with the bulkhead in heavy winds, it has been held that the charterers are not liable for the loss),蓋此一損害,並非因船席非安全性而起,基於船舶所有人應負擔航海上危險之理論,不能責怪傭船人也(on the theory that the damage was caused not by an unsafe berth, but by a danger of navigation as to which the owners undertook to bear the risk)(註3)。

一般而言,定期傭船人不擔保安全港中處於「不良的天候條件」(poor weather conditions)時,所導致港口及船席的非安全性。換言之,此非因港口及船席的不安全性所引起,而是不良的天候條件所導致,若定期傭船人配船之港口及船席原本是安全的,只因偶而所生不測的風雨,致船舶發生損害,自難苛責定期傭船人。

例如在Esso Standard Oil S. A. v. The S. S. Sabrina一案(註4),法院即作如次的判決:「本院不認為,定期傭船人須舉證船席違反契約條款,不具安全性,此毋寧是因與海上危險之一相同的自然現象暴風,所致申請人8吋水管遭到的損害,亦即因不可抗力所生之事故,致當該船舶受損(The Court does not think that the berth was proven unsafe in violation of the terms of the contract and is of the opinion that the same inevitable accident, the violet natural storm, one of the perils of the sea, that caused the damage to the 8-inch pipe of libellant, was responsible for the damage to the ship)。」

類此事例不勝枚舉,最具代表性,並常為海運界津津樂道的案例,莫過於紐約仲裁審在The Stadt Schleswig一案(註5)所作的仲裁判斷了。該案的事實大致如下:船舶所有人主張,船舶所受損害,係因在加拿大格林斯通港(Grindstone)的船席,於卸貨完畢後,從該船席離去時所發生之損害,定期傭船人自應就該項損害,負賠償責任。

船舶所有人之所以作如是主張,他認為此乃定期傭船人違反了安全港擔保義務的結果,以致其出傭的船舶受損,定期傭船人自責無旁貸,若因船舶已離開船席,定期傭船人即無須負責,則所謂安全港擔保義務,將流為空談。

但定期傭船人卻不以為然,主張該船在裝卸貨物時,遭受到6到7級的風力吹襲,繫船繩索係於該船要離開碼頭時中斷,此與其擔保義務無涉,不能責怪該港或船席不具安全性。

仲裁審審查結果,採納了定期傭船人的主張,認為當該船舶及與其同樣大小的船舶,在以前已有多次,在該港停泊都沒有發生事故,而且該船舶船長,在該港已有數次停泊的經驗。而暴風在該港已有幾個小時吹襲,船長在暴風最強度吹襲以前,本有充分的餘裕時間離開船席,乃不此之圖,自難以責怪定期傭船人所配港口或船席為非安全港口或安全船席。仲裁審就此點,作了如下說明:

「根據本仲裁審的意見,連世界上被認為最安全的港口,也非經常必須是完全安全的(It is the Panel’s opinion that not even the safest port in the world is necessarily completely safe all the time)。幾乎大多數的港口,都可能因為暴風雨、颶風、海嘯及其他天災,而有一時性的不安全(Major ports can became temporarily unsafe, as a result of storms and hurricanes tidal waves and other acts of God)。此一事本身,不能以港為非安全,或者不能指責在任何時點,該港是不安全的(This does not per se make it unsafe or entitle that label at any given moment)。在本傭船契約所具的意義範圍內,本仲裁審所關心者,乃係與Stadt Schleswig號輪,同型大小及形狀之輪船,在格林斯通港的安全性(Within the meaning of this charterparty, the Panel is concerned with the safety of the port of Grindstone for a vessel of the size and general characteristics of the Stadt Schleswig)。如果依據記錄及證據,與Stadt Schleswig號輪同樣大小及吃水的船舶,已有難以枚舉的數量,在航海可能的期間內,曾停泊於格林斯通港(The record and evidence shows that countless vessels of similar size and draft as the Stadt Schleswig),包括同一船舶所有人在本傭船契約期間內,超過20次都造訪過格林斯通港(including 20 calls by same Owners as in this charterparty had successfully made calls at Grindstone)。且依該港的記錄,也不足以讓本仲裁審認定在此一季節內,該港為非安全港(the record of the port is not one which entitles the panel to believe that the port is unsafe during this season)。出現暴風,為一時的現象,是可以預知的危險,如加以慎重的處理與在最險惡的場合,為了躲避暴風雨,及早使船舶出港,到避難停泊地即可(The temporary and occasional problem of rising wind is a foreseeable hazard requiring prudence and in extreme cases the premature sailing of the vessel to a sheltered anchorage to ride out the weather)。」

至於所謂「危險」(damager),不限於天災、不可抗力等自然現象所導致,即使是政治上或戰爭所導致,亦屬之。

例如在The Arietta Venizelos一案(註6),定期傭船人指定船舶到利比亞(Libyan)的裝載港去裝貨,不為船舶所有人所認同,予以峻拒,其理由是該地游擊隊經常出沒,在船體保險人所擔保的戰爭危險地區以外,兩造為此發生爭執,仲裁審認為:依據本傭船契約第3條規定,傭船人之基本上義務,僅能使用本船於安全港之間及安全港,並應盡相當的注意(Under Clause 3 of this Charter Party, Charterer was under a fundamental obligation to exercise due diligence to ensure that the vessel is only employed between and at safe ports)因此將本船安排到非安全港,毫無疑問地已違反了傭船契約的基本義務(There can be little doubt that ordering a ship to an unsafe port is a breach of that fundamental charterparty obligation),因認船舶所有人選擇撤船,係屬正當(The alternative chosen, withdrawal of the vessel was both permissible and justified)。換言之,仲裁審認為傭船人違反了安全港擔保義務,具有正當理由。

 

 

【註】

 

  1. M. A. No. 959 (Arb. at N. Y. 1975)。
  2. 1977 A.M.C. 318, 338 (A. S. B. C. A. 1976) 判決。
  3. 參見The Schiffbek, 1934 A.M.C. 713, 716 (Arb. at N. Y. 1934) 判決。
  4. 154 F. Supp. 720, 1957 A.M.C. 691 (D. C. Z. 1957)。
  5. 1971 A.M.C. 362 (Arb. at N. Y. 1970)。
  6. 1973 A.M.C. 1012 (Arb. at N. Y. 1972)。

 

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