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超過或不足期間

楊仁壽

 

有關傭船期間,本欄曾多次介紹英國法的情形,私下認為對美國法亦有介紹的必要。在美國法下,如果定期傭船契約中,僅約定單純(flat)的傭船期間時,也承認有一小段「妥適的超過期間」(reasonable overlap),此一原則,大致與英國法雷同。

然而,傭船期間的約定有其侷限性,有關傭船期間的航次,甚少在傭船期間屆至時,恰巧傭船契約也告終了。果能如是,就不會發生「超過期間」或「期間不足」(overlap/underlap)等情事。但世間事,從來就很少有那麼恰巧的情事。

定期傭船人如果事先預期最後航次,可能會超過傭船期間,那就罷了,不再利用最後航次,只好提前還船,這樣的情形,將使原本「期間不足」的情形,更加縮短不足了,這當然於船舶所有人及定期傭船人都不願樂見的。因此,如果讓定期傭船人再利用一次「最後航次」的短航次,在商業上所許的範圍內,應不致過分。

由此來看,不論是「超過期間」或「期間不足」,本諸商業上的慣例,或超過少許期間,或縮短少許期間,似乎都不能認為違反傭船契約,這才合乎契約當事人訂定契約之本旨。若動輒指責對方不按約行事,於支付「傭船費」之外,另請求對方負損害賠償責任,恐怕不合乎當事人雙方的本意吧。

在Straits of Dover Steamship Co. v. Munson一案(註1)第二巡迴法院維持了第一審法院的判決(註2),認為定期傭船人「於傭船期間屆至後,遲延2個月又23日,始行還船,亦在被容許之列(that redelivery two months 23 days after the expiration of the charter period was excused)傭船契約原約定單純期間為交船後3個月(The charter provided for a flat period of three months from the time of delivery)。該輪因不可歸責於傭船人的事由,以致遲延(The vessel was delayed as the result of caused for which the charter was not responsible)。原審就此判示,當事人應該很清楚的知道,不能強求於一定的期日還船,傭船人如果不遲延,應可讓該輪於3個月以內終了其妥當的航次,俾利用該輪航海,所以不能認為其違反契約(The court concluded that the parties must have understood that redelivery on a given day could not be promised, and that since the charter had sent the vessel on a reasonable voyage which could have been performed within the three-month period except for the delays, the charterer was not in breach)」等語。

由此不難瞭解,第二巡迴法院已就此立下基本原則:最後航次的妥當性,應在航次開始時,作成判斷,是否可能超過期間。而非在發生遲延後,再來推論其妥當與否。因為海上航行,發生不可預料的偶然事故,事所恆有,若以該時點來作判斷,並不合理。因此在最後航次開始時,預作判斷,才合乎契約之本旨。

又在Anderson v. Munson一案(註3),雖然船舶所有人與定期傭船人於締結定期傭船契約時,已將格式中的「大約」(about)字樣予以刪除,但紐約南區地方法院仍然認為定期傭船人遲延49日還船,亦在情理之中,難謂已構成違反契約。

再者,在Trechman S.S. Co. Munson S.S. Line一案(註4)定期傭船人在契約期間前29日還船,第二巡迴法院認為定期傭船人可以利用該期間再行作一次最後航次,即使期間稍短,僅超出一小段期間,亦在容許之列,因此不認為定期傭船人提早29日還船,為有理由。定期傭船人仍應照付29日的傭船費,由於其並未違約,船舶所有人據此如又請求損害,並無理由,而予以駁回。

另在Britain S. S. v. Munson S. S. Line一案(註5),傭船契約載明傭船期間為「交船以後約2至3曆月間」(from the time of delivery, for about two (2) to about three (3) consecutive calendar months)。船舶於3月20日在古巴(Cuba)交付,並於Cape Hatteras以北美利堅合眾國大西洋沿岸港口還船。傭船人自交船日2個月未滿以前,提早13日,即5月7日提出在紐約還船。

船舶所有人與定期傭船人為此發生爭執,經訴訟結果,第二巡迴法院判決指出:該輪在古巴與紐約間,再航海一次,尚有充分的期間,仍可於「約3個月」的期間內還船,因而認為傭船人還船時期尚早,判示還船無效(that redelivery was premature and ineffective, because the vessel could reasonably have made another voyage between Cube and New York and redelivered within the “about three (3)” month period)等語。

第二巡迴法院在判決理由中說明:「使用『大約』(about)一詞含義,事關船舶還船日期,應解為已給予傭船人有充分的餘裕相應期間的意思(The use of the word “about” is interpreted as signifying and intention to allow the charterer a reasonable leeway in respect to the date on which the vessel shall be surrendered)。因此,航次於約定期間屆滿之前,在還船港終了的情形,即使已明顯超過約定期間,傭船人可以要求船舶再妥適的航行一次(Hence, if a voyage terminate in a port of redelivery before the end of the stated term, the charterer may require the vessel to make another “reasonable” voyage, even though it is certain to overlap the stated term)。可是,在約定期間屆滿前所殘存的期間,如再展開另一航次如屬於『不妥當』的短程航次,傭船人自得還船,或者船舶所有人亦得撤船,從而將被認為『不足期間』(If, however, the time remaining before the end of the stated term is so short as to render another voyage “unreasonable”, then the vessel may be surrendered by the charterer, or withdrawn by the owner, thus creating an “underlap”)。」

第二巡迴法院就此又說明指出:「因傭船人可於5月20日有效的還船,對應於此,可判斷船舶所有人之損害賠償請求(however, that since the charterer could have made a valid redelivery on May 20, the owner’s damages should be limited accordingly)。雖然傭船人於5月20日以後,有選擇是否使用船舶的權利,但船舶所有人則無權要求行使該項選擇權(although the charterer had an option to use the vessel beyond May 20, the owner could not insist that the option be exercised)。」

此外,定期傭船契約如果約定最短/最長(minimum/maximum)時,則在這期間中的任何時間還船均屬正當,此在Tweedie Trading Co. v. Sangstand一案(註6),已說得相當透徹。在該案中,還船日規定最短/最長期間,並將「大約」(bout)字樣刪除,此2種文字可以說「焦不離孟,孟不離焦」,毋寧在邏輯上所當然(it is of course logical to delete),如在此一期間還船,沒有所謂期間超過的問題。亦即在定期傭船契約設有最短/最長期間,不僅是規定「確定期間」,而且也是決定還船日期,並不適用前述不足期間/超過期間的原則(thus, principles of underlap and overlap as such are inapplicable where the charter is for a fixed “minimum” or “maximum” period and there is a range of redelivery dates)。

在The Romandie一案(註7),船舶所有人與定期傭船人依NYPE Form訂定定期傭船契約,並刪除印刷文字中「大約」(about)字樣,規定傭船期間最短為35個月,最長為38個月,在期間內可任意還船。惟定期傭船人卻於約定最長期間38個月後,超過8日始行還船。兩造為此發生爭執,仲裁人判斷定期傭船人應賠償船舶所有人因還船遲延所致之損害。仲裁判斷認為:「兩造就Romanie號所訂傭船期間,使用最短/最長之文義,同時刪除『大約』字樣,應足以判斷兩造以明確的意思,表達期待於明確的最短/最長的期間內還船。無須再適用邏輯予以解釋,雖然考量到其主張航海的不確實性及船舶並不在航線上航行,但卻也不能無視於當事人訂約時所選擇及考量適當的意思所表達出來的權利(the Romandie was to be chartered, coupled with minimum/maximum phraseology, are expressions of clear intent that the parties contemplated specific minimum and maximum dates of redelivery. There can be no other sensible interpretation of the words. We were not unmindful of the references that had been made to the uncertainties of navigation and that ships do not run on rails. Neither could we disregard the rights of the parties to make any arrangements they chose and to express their intent as they deemed proper)」等語,不失為就此所作最佳的註腳。

 

 

【註】

 

  1. 95 F. 690 (S.D.N.Y. 1899)。
  2. 100 F. 1055 (2d Cir. 1900)。
  3. 104 F. 913 (S.D.N.Y. 1900)。
  4. 203 F. 692 (2d Cir. 1913)。
  5. 31 F.2d 530 (2d Cir. 1929)。
  6. 180 F. 691 (2d Cir. 1910)。
  7. M. A. No. 1092 (Arb. at N. Y. 1977)。

 

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