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遲付傭船費的後果

楊仁壽

 

由於傭船費具有「先付」(in advance)的性質,所以定期傭船人在傭船契約存續中,必須於約定支付期日到來以前或當日支付傭船費,如果遲誤期限,船舶所有人就有撤船的權利(the right to withdraw),不再提供船舶及船員的勞務。

然而,定期傭船人雖遲誤支付傭船費期限,但在船舶所有人行使撤船之權利以前,如已支付該期應付的傭船費,而經船舶所有人收受了,船舶所有人即不得再以定期傭船人遲付傭船費為理由,主張撤船,因為他一經收受該遲付的傭船費,就已經喪失了撤船的權利(lose their right to withdraw)。

在Mardorf Peach & Co. Ltd. v. Attica Sea Carriers Corp.一案(註1),船舶所有人與定期傭船人按照NYPE form訂定定期傭船契約,言明定期傭船人必須每半個月支付傭船費,撥入船舶所有人在First National City Bank倫敦分行的戶頭內。由於支付期日恰逢星期日,因此,定期傭船人的銀行,於星期一下午3時許,始將該筆傭船費的金額的「支付指示」(payment order),送至船舶所有人的銀行(delivered to the owner’s bank)。

船舶所有人的銀行隨即依「支付指示書」的內容開始辦理有關程序事宜。通常在銀行間,該指示書雖然等同現金,但於接到指示書,經審查無誤後,約24小時,才登入顧客的戶頭「存入欄」內。

而在本行,船舶所有人的銀行,於接到傭船費時,預先以電話將收款事宜,告知該行的倫敦分行。換句話說,First National City Bank倫敦分行始為船舶所有人的代理人,該分行接到通知後,知定期傭船人支付傭船費業已逾期,即時拒收,並返還該筆傭船費,不登入其顧客(船舶所有人)的戶頭內。翌日上午,船舶所有人的銀行,對定期傭船人的銀行發出同額的支付指示書,退還傭船費。

船舶所有人也於星期一下午6時55分,通知定期傭船人撤船。於是定期傭船人與船舶所有人為了定期傭船人是否如期支付傭船費?船舶所有人撤船是否有理由?發生爭論,而引發了本件訴訟。

最後到了英國「上議院」(The House of Lords),判稱:「船舶所有人有撤船的權利,而且其行使該項權利,是有效的」(the owners were entitled to withdraw and had done so effectively)。其理由是「期日超過後所支付的傭船費,船舶所有人予以受領,僅限於此場合,才承認其已拋棄其撤船的權利,這已變成適當的支付了。雖說船舶所有人的銀行已接受支付指示,開始著手行內的處理,仍不能謂船舶所有人已拋棄其權利」(The late tender of hire could only be relevant if the owners were held to have accepted it and thus waived their right to withdraw, and the receipt of the payment order by their bank and processing work that was begun upon it did not amount to any such waiver)。

隨後Salmon勛爵補充指出:「傭船費全數,在翌日返還於Midland Bank以前,即使支付指示的行內事務,業已處理完畢,而將全數登入了船舶所有人的戶頭,以此就逕行認定船舶所有人已拋棄其權利,是否正當,我是有疑問的(I doubt whether even if the processing of the payment order had been completed and the owners’account had been credited with the full amount of the payment order before that amount was returned to the Midland Bank on the following day, a finding of waiver could have been justified)。

如果銀行不待客戶的指示,就做了商業的決定,代理顧客,就已經超過期限而支付的傭船費,逕行收受或拒絕,那就明顯的已逾越銀行被賦予明示或默示權限的範圍了(Certainly it was not within the banker’s express or implied authority to make commercial decisions on behalf of their customers by accepting or rejecting late payments of hire without taking instructions)。

銀行對船舶所有人可以要求指示,告訴他拒絕收受支付(They did take instructions and were told to reject the payment)。銀行既拒絕收受支付,並於翌日將之返還傭船人(They did so and returned it to the charterers on the following day),無論怎麼看,可以說這也在合理的時間內來做的(which on any view must have been within a reasonable time)。如果銀行將該傭船費,不當的長時間留在該銀行內,致使傭船人相信船舶所有人業已接受傭船費,那才合乎道理吧(If the bank had kept the payment for an unreasonable time, the charterers might well have been led to believe that the owners had accepted payment),有此種事,才會變成船舶所有人已拋棄其撤船權利(This would have amounted to a waiver of their right to withdraw the vessel)。但是本件沒有發生類此情事(But nothing of the kind happened in the present case)」等語。

由於上述上議院的判決,惜墨如金,只把判斷定期傭船人敗訴的要旨說出來,所以Salmon勛爵再把定期傭船人敗訴的前因後果,不遺鉅細地予以闡明,讓人不免有驚豔之感。英國上議院的判決以及判決成員經常有此舉,頗令人心儀。不過Salmon勛爵事後又表示了衡平法適用的問題,不盡然正確,將於下期再行介紹。

在此有一點必須加以說明的,定期傭船人遲付傭船費,船舶所有人如仍予接受,而且不做任何動作,諸如仍繼續提供船舶及船員勞務等之類的情事,才會發生拋棄撤船權利的問題。如果船舶所有人在定期傭船人遲付傭船費後,立即向定期傭船人發出有效的撤船通知(have given a valid notice of withdrawal),縱令船舶所有人將該傭船費不退還,仍繼續不作任何處理,也不該確認船舶所有人業已拋棄撤船或撤船的權利(waiving the withdrawal or their right),進而認為定期傭船契約還在繼續存在。

這可以從China National Foreign Trade Transportation Corp. v. Evlogia Shipping Co. Ltd.一案(註2),看得更清楚。Kerr法官認為這種期日後所支付傭船費的法理,如果仍不瞭解,似乎亦可旁敲側擊,從有關金額並未全數的付給,亦即金額不足的支付這一方面來看,更可瞭然。

Kerr法官指出:「在金額不足的支付,這樣的情形,仍不存在拋棄權利(in such insufficient circumstances there was no waiver),因為於此情形,船舶所有人大抵會作短期的等待,尤其當時處於「定期傭船人的市場」時,更會有此舉措,與其立即發出撤船的通知,不如暫時等待,或者另覓有需要船隻之人(註3),在未覓定後繼之人以前,在極短的時間內,大都不會貿然立即發出撤船的通知(註4)。

據此,Kerr法官說明:「船舶所有人在那個時點,撤了船,毫無疑問的,對傭船人先付不足額的傭船費部分,負有退還的義務,但在種種的請求以及交叉請求,依仲裁程序處理以前,雖然尚未返還該不足額部分,而船舶所有人在實際上已撤了船,為什麼還會認為變成已拋棄了撤船權,而傭船契約仍存在呢?」(The owners then withdrew the vessel and undoubtedly became obliged to repay the unearned balance of advance hire to the charterers. But how can their failure to do so before the various claims and crossclaims were disposed of in the arbitration amount to a waiver of their right to withdraw or an election to affirm the charterparty when they in fact withdrew the vessel?)。

一言以蔽之,船舶所有人一旦撤了船,即應將已付傭船費或不足額部分退還定期傭船人。一般而言,撤船在先,退還在後,不能一口咬定傭船費尚未退還,傭船契約仍然繼續存在。

 

 

【註】

  1. The Laconia (1977) 1 Lloyd’s Rep. 315。
  2. The Mihalios Xilas (1976) 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 697。
  3. 如屬「船方市場」,貨方搶著要傭(租)船舶,船舶所有人就會發出撤船的通知,終止傭船契約關係。
  4. 撤船權,屬於形成權的一種,船舶所有人一旦向定期傭船人發出撤船的通知,當事人間即無定期傭船契約存在。
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