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船舶所有人撤船之權利

楊仁壽

 

定期傭船人應按期支付給船舶所有人「傭船費」(hire),如果到支付期日或該期日以前,尚未支付,船舶所有人有就航行中之船舶「撤船」(withdraw)的權利。由於在定期傭船期間,定期傭船人自始至終都未「占有」船舶,船舶一直由船舶所有人所僱用之船長及船員為其占有,所以所謂「撤船」,是指該船及船員等不再提供勞務之意。

船舶所有人在行使撤船之權利前,應於合理的期間內(reasonable time),通知定期傭船人。一般而言,定期傭船人被通知撤船,難以期待其有充分的時間暫不「還船」(redelivered),所以船舶所有人行使撤船的權利,幾都精準敏捷(react quickly),於最短的時間(short time)內完成。

Wilberforce勛爵在Mardorf Peach & Co. v. Attica Sea Carriers Corp.一案(註1)指出:「什麼才算是在合理的期間呢?──本來,仲裁人所應認定的事項──應依情事如何以為定。依照情事,在大體上是指於極短的時間內而言。亦即船舶所有人一旦知道(相對人)不履行,即應於合理而必要的最短的時間內,發出指示」(What is a reasonable time—essentially a matter for arbitration to find—depends on the circumstances. In some indeed many cases, it will be a short—viz, the shortest time reasonably necessary to enable the shipowner to hear of the default and issue instructions)」等語,可謂是非常淺白的詮釋。

但宜注意的是,船舶所有人於發出通知前,定期傭船人如已超過應支付傭船費期限,才支付傭船費,船舶所有人撤船的權利,並不消滅。換言之,定期傭船人一旦超過應支付傭船費期限,其即已構成債務不履行(in default),縱使於超過期限後,始行支付傭船費,船舶所有人只要不收取,亦無改其已不履行的事實。

Baltime Form 39第6條第3項規定:「不依約履行應行支付之傭船費時,船舶所有人有權不提任何異議,與不受任何法庭或任何其他當局之干預,自傭船人的營運中撤船,並得另行向傭船人提出因本傭船契約所受任何損害賠償之主張,傭船人不得持有異見」(In default of payment the owners to have the right of withdrawing the vessel from the service of the Charterers, without noting any protest and without interference by any court or any other formality whatsoever and without prejudice to any claim the owners may otherwise have on the Chrterers under the Charter)(註2)。

前述規定,雖在Empersa Cubana de Fletes v. Lagonisi Shipping Co. Ltd.一案(註3)的上訴審(the Court of Appeal)中,Denning勛爵認為:「支付不履行,只限於不履行的狀態繼續(in default of payment and so long as default continues),因此,遲延支付期限或不提供支付的場合,船舶所有人在該支付或提供支付前,不行使撤船之權利時,撤船權即行消滅(so that a late payment or tender of hire by the charterers would extinguish the right of withdrawal if the right had not been exercised by the owners prior to that payment or tender)」云云。

惟這樣的見解,不為上議院(the House of Lords)所維持,Wilberforce勛爵在上議院判示:「支付不履行文義,必須就有關Baltime Form第50行所定每期傭船費,負先付義務(the words “in default of payment” had to be related to the obligation in Line 50 of the Baltime from to pay hire installments “in advance”)。上訴法院把事實上支付不履行,不解為「先付金額的支付未履行」,而逕解為「如不是先付時,特別在撤船以前的支付不履行」,與其謂係該條項的解釋,毋寧謂已就該構成重新解釋了」(The Court of Appeal have in effect construed the words “in default of payment” not as meaning “in default of payment in advance” but as meaning “in default of payment whether in advance or later, so long as the vessel has not been withdrawn”. This is a reconstruction not a constructin of these clause)。

NYPE form就此雖未有較詳細的規定,僅於第5條泛言:「傭船費支付遲延,不能定期的支付,銀行亦不保證,或違反契約情事時,船舶所有人得隨時從傭船人的運航中撤船。於此情形,不影響船舶所有人對傭船人應有的其他一切請求」(…the Charterers failing the punctual and regual payment of the hire, or bank guarantee, or on any breach of this Charter Party, the owners shall be at liberty to withdraw the vessel from the service of the Charterers, without prejudice to any claim they (the owners) may otherwise have on the Charterers),本諸同一法理,仍與英國上議院採同樣的見解。

撤船之通知,應向定期傭船人為之,如對船長通知,對定期傭船人不生效力。Denning勛爵在前引Empresa Cubana de Fletes v. Lagonisi Shipping Co. Ltd.一案中,業已闡述明確:「船舶所有人僅對自己的船長,發出通知,我認為並未充分。船舶所有人為了行使撤船的權利,必須對傭船人通知。撤船應自傭船人收到通知時起,始具效力」(They only gave notice to their own master. That was, I think, insufficient. In order to exercise a right to withdraw a ship, the shipowners must give notice to the charterers. The withdrawal only operates from the time notice is received by the charterers)。

船舶所有人向定期傭船人通知撤船時,必須明確的表示,其在行使撤船的權利。如果其通知書曖昧不清,定期傭船契約是否已告終了或未終了,無從懸揣時,仍不能謂其通知業已充分。Donaldson法官在Aegnoussiotis Shipping Corp. v. A/S Kristian Jebsen’s Rederi一案(註4),就作了如下的說明:「就用語及通知而言,固然無須特定的形式,但船舶所有人以不支付傭船費為由,作為傭船契約的終了,就必須對傭船人作清楚明確的表示」(No particular form of words or nitice is required, but the charterers must be informed that the owner is treating the non-payment of hire as having terminated the charter-party),應屬正確。

然不能不言的,定期傭船人至遲應於約定的期日支付傭船費,而船舶所有人如於支付期限經過後,無條件的收受定期傭船人所提供的傭船費,而後始以傭船人未於約定的支付期日支付傭船費為由撤船,在實務上被認為船舶所有人業已喪失撤船的權利(Owners lose their right to withdraw)。這道理很簡單,因為傭船費的支付,是先付而非後付,既然船舶所有人想撤船,就不要無條件的收下定期傭船人已遲付而需預先支付的傭船費。因之,船舶所有人既已無條件的收受該期先付的傭船費,不啻即拋棄了撤船的權利。斷不容許船舶所有人一方面無條件的收下該期傭船費,而後再行使撤船權,並於事後再行返還該筆傭船費。

這在Tenax S. S. Co. v. Brimnes(Owners)一案(註5),Cairns法官已作了合情合理的裁示:「……一個月分先付的傭船費,於期限後,撤船前,已被提供,而經船舶所有人將之無條件予以收受的場合,我認為應解為業已收受該月的傭船費,此一收受,船舶所有人已無從再撤船,其已然拋棄其撤船的權利了」(I consider…that if a month’s hire in advance in tendered late, but before withdrawal, and is accepted without qualification, it must be taken to be accepted as hire for the month, which must amount to an election not to enforce the right of withdrawal, so constituting a waiver of the right)等語,Cairns法官認為船舶所有人收受傭船費須出於「無條件」的情事下,始生拋棄撤船之權利,若附有條件,則須視其條件的內容為何而定。

 

【註】

  1. The Laconia, (1977) 1 Lloyd’s Rep. 315。
  2. 條文中,有「自傭船人營運中」(from the service of the Charterers),係從傭船人角度來說;如果從船舶所有人的角度言之,即指不提供船舶及船員之服務或勞務而言。
  3. The Georgios C. C (1971) 1 Lloyd’s Rep. 7。
  4. The Aegnoussiotis, (1977) 1 Lloyd’s Rep. 268, (Q. B.)。
  5. The Brimnes, (1974) 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 241。
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