楊仁壽
定期傭船人依據定期傭船契約,利用船舶所有人所傭來之船舶,主要是用來營運貨物的運送等業務,其得使用的範圍,一言以蔽之,只限於「船艙」。亦即船艙與船長、海員居住的房間、絞車、機器、備品等處所應有所區隔,除此之外,船舶全部的容積以全積載力,都應供定期傭船人所使用。
依Baltime Form第8條規定:「船舶之全部可利用的場所與載重量,包括合法之甲板上裝載量,除保留適當而足供該輪之船長、高級船員、水手、索具、屬具裝置、傢具、糧食與船用必需品之使用及儲藏之空間以外,均歸傭船人處置(The whole reach and burthen of the Vessel, including law deck-capacity to be at the Charterers’ disposal, reserving proper and sufficient space for the Vessel’s Master, Officers, Crew, tackle, apparel, furniture, provisions and stores)。」在此種情形下,定期傭船人如將該輪再傭船時,則其從再傭船人處所收取之傭船費,與其應支付給船舶所有人傭船費之差額,即為其所獲得之「投機的利益」。但像這樣所賦予定期傭船人「船舶的利用權」,雖然廣泛,但並非毫「無限制」,仍應受定期傭船契約上「明示的」或「默示的」的約定所限制。
例如在Baltime Form第2條就規定:「該論僅允許航行於其得能始終安全漂浮之港口或處所之間。依法營運法律所認可之商品,其營運範圍,以下列之規定為限:……(The vessel to be employed in lawful trades for the carriage of lawful Merchandise only between good and safe ports or places where she can safely lie always affoat within the following limits:……)。」
「必須永在保險公會保險範圍之限定內(Always within Institute Warranty Limits)。」
「不許載運牲畜,亦永不得裝運有害、易燃或危險貨品(諸如酸類、爆裂物、碳酸鈣、鐵矽、揮發油、引動汽油、煤焦油,或其他產品)(No live stock nor injurious, inflammable or dangerous goods (such as acids, explosives, calcium carbide, ferro silicon, naphtha, motor spirit, tar, or any of their products) to be shipped)。」即為明示的約定。
依上述規定,其內容包括①合法貨物及合法航線,②航線限制,③指定安全港義務。於此先就①部分說明如次:
①合法貨物及合法航線:定期傭船人依據定期傭船契約,負有於該輪運送合法的貨物(lawful merchandise),並使用合法的航線(lawful trades)之義務。所謂合法的貨物,指貨物之裝載港及卸載港之法律,均不能對之有所違反。其可以裝載及卸載運送的貨物,亦即不論在船旗國法或傭船契約的準據法下,均必須合乎有關該等國家之法律。就這一點而言,合法的航線,也應作同樣的解釋(註1)。
NYPE Form中,雖然沒有類似Baltime Form第2條那樣「明示」有關「危險貨物」(dangerous cargo)的禁止裝載事項,但其第24條所併入的「美國至上條款」(U.S.A. Clause Paramount)中,已有U.S. COGSA 1936 § 4(6)規定之適用,所以定期傭船人如果因裝載危險貨物,直接或間接所發生之損害及費用,亦必須對船舶所有人負責。換言之,於此情形,在解釋上必須將U.S. COGSA § 4(6)中「託運人」(shipper)一詞,替換為「傭船人」(charterer),乃屬當然之理。
與此有關聯的,本欄在此之前,就此已略有提及,為提醒讀者的記憶,不辭再費一點筆墨說明一下。此為想徹底了解定期傭船契約,絕對不可忽略於此。如所周知,1924年海牙規則或1968年海牙威士比規則第5條第2段規定:「本公約之規定,不適用於傭船契約(The provisions of this Convention shall not applicable to charter parties)(註2)。」此一規定,亦規定於美國1936年COGSA,但NYPE Form第24條,又將之併入於定期傭船契約之內,規定:「在本傭船契約下,以美國為輸入或輸出地之貨物,於此合意依1893年2月13日,經美國聯邦議會承認『關於船舶之航海等之法律』所規定之一切條款、規定或免責條款。除此之外,傭船契約基於本契約所發行之載貨證券,應併入下述2條款(It is also mutually agreed that this Charter is subject to all the terms and provisions of and all the exemptions from liability contained in the Act of Congress of the United States approved on the 13th day of February, 1893, and entitled “An Act relating to Navigation of Vessel; etc.,” in respect of all cargo shipped under this charter to or from the United States of America. It is further subject to the following clauses, both of which are to be included in all bills of lading issued hereunder)。」
「一、美國法至上條款:本載貨證券依1936年4月16日所承認美國海上貨物運送法之規定,亦有其效力。並將該法之規定,視為已併入本載貨證券,此外,本載貨證券所訂任何事項,基於該法,視為拋棄運送人之權利或免除之特別權利,或不加重其責任及義務。本證券之文義,有牴觸該法律之處時,其文義在牴觸的限度內無效(U. S. A. Clause Paramount: This bill of lading shall have effect subject to the provisions of the Carriage of Goods by sea Act of the United States, approved April 16, 1936, which shall be deemed to be incorporated herein, and nothing herein contained shall be deemed a surrender by the carrier of any of its rights or immunities or an increase of any of its responsibilities or liabilities under said Act. If any term of this bill of lading be repugnant to said applicable Act to any extent, such term shall be void to that extent, but no further)。」
這一併入,使NYPE Form發生了變化,想要徹底了解定期傭船契約的內容,萬萬不能忽略及此。亦即定期傭船契約併入美國COGSA的效果,大約有以下3點:
傭船契約始期所明示的適航性擔保義務,業已從絕對責任,減輕為已盡相當的注意的過失責任就夠了。
傭船契約上各航次「航海於開始前及開始時」,船舶所有人對於船舶適航能力,都應盡到相當的注意義務。
美國COGSA所規定的條款,都已成為傭船契約的內容之一,船舶所有人與傭船人間的權利義務,都必須受其規範。
有關這種併入的效果,英國上議院(the House of Lord),在Adamastos Shipping v. Anglo Saxon Petroleum一案(註3),說明得相當透徹,其內容有以下5點:
傭船契約併入海牙規則,乃係當事人間明確的意思,必須賦予此一意思之效果。因此,至上條款中所謂「本載貨證券」一詞,應替換為「本載貨證券」(It was plainly the intention of the parties to incorporate the Hague Rules intro the charter and this intention should be given effect to; so the words in the Paramount Clause “this bill of lading” should be read as “This charter-party”)。
美國法第5條所定,本法不適用傭船契約。可以視若無睹(Section 5 of the United States Act, which provides that the Act is not to apply to charter parties, was to be ignored)。
因傭船契約屬於世界性的,美國法上僅適用於航向美國或從美國出航之航海的限制,必須視而不見,因此每一次航次的起點及終點,都不適用該法(The charter being of world-wide scope, the limitation in the United States Act to voyages to and from the United States should be disregarded and voyages should be subject to the Act regardless of where they started or finished)。
美國法與海牙規則所示義務的基準,不問於空船航次或載貨航次等所有航次,均有其適用(The standards of obligation introduced by the United Stated Act—The Hague Rules—were applicable to all voyages whether these were in ballast or with cargo)。
美國法第4條(1),有關「滅失或毀損」之船舶所有人免責條款,不僅貨物在物理上的滅失或毀損,即於本案所主張之損失,也包括傭船契約上航次減少所致之損失在內(The immunity given to the owners by section 4(1) of the United States Act in respect of “loss, or damage” extended beyond physical loss or damage to cargo and coverd the loss here claimed, namely the loss to the charterers from the reduction in the number of voyages under the charter)。
【註】
- Michael Wilford, Terence Coghlin, Nicholas J. Healy Jr. Time Charters p.p. 93, 98。
- 依海牙規則第1條(b)設有「例外」之規定,於此暫不贅。
- The Saxson Star (1958) 1 Lloyd’s Rep. 73。












