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半額之延滯費

楊仁壽

 

一提到代碼「Amwelsh」米炭航次傭船契約,傭船人特別喜愛,其之所以如此,乃該傭船契約由美國海運經紀人、代理人協會所承認,普遍為傭船人認為較公正,無甚偏袒船舶所有人,有以致之。該傭船契約格式,1953年制定於紐約,歷經1979年、1993年2次修正。

值得傭船人稱道的是,該契約格式,將原先較罕見的延滯費(demurrage),從原本一旦延滯即持續延滯(once on demurrage, always on demurrage),修正為「半額」(at half the rate)支付即可,對船舶所有人及傭船人不無小補。至於其他有利於傭船人之處,暫且不提。遇到其他有關題目時再行敘述。

為了使讀者能夠充分了解,擬從1953年「Amwelsh」第8條之規定說起,該條規定:「受貨人應於卸貨港船邊提貨,船東不負擔卸貨費用與風險(The cargo to be taken from alongside by Consignee at port of discharge, free of expense and risk to the Vessel)。同時,每天天氣許可為工作天(星期日、例假日及星期六下午除外),平均應卸貨OOO噸,惟以船舶能按此一速度卸交為限(weather permitting (Sundays and Holidays and after noon on Saturdays excepted), provided vessel can deliver it at this rate)。如有延滯,則受貨人應按每連續自然日(註1)OOO英鎊的數額支付延滯費(未滿一天者按比例計算)(if longer detained, Consignee to pay vessel demurrage at the rate of £ ooo Br. Stg(註2), per running day (or pro rata for part thereof)),但若卸交迅速,則船東應按節餘工作時間付給傭船人或其代理人每天OOO英鎊的快速費(despatch money for working time saved)。可以卸貨時間應根據載貨證券所載貨量計算,除非提早卸載,否則自船舶備妥且發出卸貨準備完成通知書後24小時(星期日、例假日除外)起開始計算,而不論停靠船席與否(Time to commence twenty-four (24) hours, (Sundays and Holidays excepted), after vessel is ready to unload and written notice given, whether in berth or not, and the time allowable for discharging to be calculated on the basis of the Bill of Lading quantity)。如因罷工、停工、內亂或任何其他受貨人所無法控制的原因或事故所致之卸貨工作受阻或遲延,則除非船舶已然延滯,否則該項時間,不得計入許可之裝卸期間(In case of strikes, lockouts, civil commotions, or any other causes or accidents beyond the control of the consignee which prevent or delay the discharging, such time is not to count unless the vessel is already on demurrage)。」

1979年代碼「Amwelsh」僅作小幅度的更動,諸如將條次從第8條改為第9條,英鎊改為美金,其他僅就文字略作修正,其餘不變。換言之,1953年與1979年末段的規定,一字未改。亦即除了因罷工、停工、內亂或任何其他受貨人所無法控制的原因或事故所致之卸貨工作受阻或遲延以外,如果超過裝卸期間,傭船人即須支付延滯費。至於如因船舶的原因而致之延滯,則與傭船人等之延滯無關,不予計入。在此情況下,無庸贅言,一旦是傭船人或受貨人的原因而延滯貨時,該航次傭船契約雖無明示,是否無「一旦延滯,即持續延滯」慣用句的適用,但從字裡行間可知已採肯定之見解,遑論延滯費要支付多少額數了。

到了1993年「Amwelsh」第9條規定:「貨物之裝卸,直接影響該輪之時間損失、出產、開採,或從生產地點到裝卸貨物不可或缺有關聯之內陸運送之一切人員,因罷工、停工,或因實際載貨之裝卸不可缺所引起者,無論此等事由,以本傭船契約締結日經常不存在為條件,在該期間中,僅算入裝卸期間之半額,即使此等罷工或停工繼續中之任何時間,如算入延滯期間時,延滯費在罷工或停工終了以前,依下述第10條記載之費率,亦以半額支付之。終了後支付金額之延滯費。在罷工發生前,該輪已在滯船期間時,延滯費全額在罷工全部期間中支付(9. Strikes: In the event of loss of time to the Vessel directly affecting the loading or discharging of this cargo, caused by a strike or lockout of any personnel connected with the production, mining, or any essential inland transport of the cargo to be loaded or discharged into/from this Vessel from point of origin, up to, and including the actual loading and discharging operations, or by any personnel essential to the actual loading and discharging of the cargo, half the laytime shall count during such periods, provided always that none of the aforementioned events did exist at the date of the charter party. If at any time during the continuance of such strikes or lockouts the Vessel goes on demurrage, said demurrage shall be paid at half the rate specified in Clause 10, hereunder, until such time as the strike or lockout terminates; thence full demurrage unless the Vessel was already on demurrage before the strike broke out, in which case full demurrage shall be paid for its entire period.)。」

該條所指第10條,是規定「延滯費」及「快速費」(Demurrage/Despatch),關於「延滯費」部分,指明在裝載港及/或卸載港之延滯費,一旦發生時,以每日OOO之費率,如未滿一日,則依比例分配,由傭船人向船舶所有人支付(Demurrage, if incurred, at loading and/or discharging port(s), shall be paid by the Charterers to the Owners at the rate of ooo per day, or pro-rata for part of a day.)。

從代碼「Amwelsh」就某種類遲延,於該種類的狀況下所發生之延滯費,採半額分擔風險的方式,僅由傭船人支付半額的延滯費,即為已足。蓋延滯費之發生,對傭船人而言,迫非得已,若完全歸咎於傭船人,恐非事理之平。

至於油輪向來幾乎就採半額分擔風險之方式,以2005年代碼「Shellvoy 6」為例,其第15條(2)即規定:「超過裝卸期間之全部或一部,如係由傭船人、貨物託運人或受貨人之設施內,或其附近之裝載港或卸載港發生火災或爆炸或罷工,或設施及/或機器不能運轉/故障(火災或爆炸,以非出於傭船人、託運人或受貨人或彼等之受僱人或其代理人之過失、作為或不作為為限),或因天災、戰爭、暴動、內亂,或因行政權之抑留(干預)所發生的場合,以使用之裝卸期間及/或延滯費之費率,或對其所使用之裝載期間及/或超過期間或其一部分,減少為半額(If, however, all or part of such demurrage arises out of or results from fire or explosion or strike or failure/breakdown of plant and/or machinery at ports of loading and/or discharging in or about the plant of Charterers, shippers or consignees of the cargo (not being a fire or explosion caused by the negligence or wilful act or omission of Charterers, shippers or consignees of the cargo or their respective servants or agents), act of God, act of war, riot, civil commotion, or arrest or restraint of princes, rulers or peoples, the laytime used and/or the rate of demurrage shall be reduced by half for such laytime used and/or for such demurrage or such parts thereof.)」

由上可知,代碼Shellvoy比Amwelsh減半支付延滯費的事由較多,其之所以如此,乃油輪之裝卸油,大抵以油管吸出或吸入,而且作業期間,幾乎24小時繼續不停的工作,超過裝卸期間之事由,大抵都不可歸責傭船人之事由,所以油輪之延滯費,目前採半額支付,較為普遍。

至於裝卸期間於開始前,已開始裝卸作業(loading/discharging before time commences)大多訂有特別事項(註3),以資因應。換言之,油輪幾乎自繫留或卸油開始起,即加算其裝卸期間,其之所以採此作業方式,乃因油輪之裝卸特性所使然,油輪明定有此等約款,可以說在節省裝卸期間,此等約款雖事涉細微,但對傭船人具有潛在性之利基,不言可喻。

 

 

【註】

 

  1. 自然日(days)或稱連續自然日(running or consecutive days),指曆法上每連續24小時(從當日午夜至次日午夜為止)為一日,而不受任何限制。不只「工作日」(working days),亦包括星期日、例假日在內。
  2. Stg係British Sterling之簡稱,指英國貨幣而言。
  3. 代碼「Shellvoy 5」於1992年2月,已設有Early Loading Clause,不難窺見其一斑。

 

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