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船舶的履行不能

楊仁壽

 

休航條款(off-hire clause),又稱停租條款,此乃將定期傭船契約,亦稱為租賃契約的一種,遂有該詞,所以停付租金條款,亦即停付傭船費條款。但不管其稱呼為何,如果定期傭船契約,還未到「履行不能」(frustration)的程度,契約仍然繼續存在,只因船體、輪機的故障,船員的不足,或發生其他船舶阻礙運作的事由,以致定期傭船人喪失了營運時間,其都可以憑此條款,免於支付該段期間傭船費的義務。

此種免於支付傭船費的義務,與契約「履行不能」有異。在定期傭船契約上的「履行不能」,與我國民法第225條第1項規定:「因不可歸責於債務人之事由,致給付不能者,債務人免給付義務。」以及第246條第1項前段所規定:「以不能之給付為契約標的者,其契約無效。」不能相提並論,所以定期傭船契約上的「履行不能」(frustration),吾人不譯為「給付不能」,即此之故。

換言之,在定期傭船契約「履行」期間中,基於後發的事由,諸如船舶於航海中滅失或行方不明等情形,以致不能達到契約的目的時,即為「履行不能」,定期傭船契約即因而解除,而告消滅。定期傭船人在先前已預付的傭船費,透過「精算」後,即應返還於定期傭船人,此即「履行不能」,其之不能,大多是後發的,亦即「嗣後不能」,而「自始不能」者極少,後將述及。

就履行不能而言,Baltime Form第16條規定:「如該輪滅失或失蹤時,傭船費自其滅失之日停止支付。倘若不能確定其滅失之日期,自獲其最後之日起,到按計算應到達目的地之日止,傭船費按半數給付。預付之傭船費,須據此結算(Should the Vessel be lost or missing, hire to cease from the date when she was lost. If the date of loss cannot be ascertained half hire to be paid from the date the Vessel was last reported until the calculated date of arrival at the destination. Any hire paid in advance to be adjusted accordingly)。」

船舶滅失,諸如船舶喪失浮力,沉入水中;或船舶不能修繕,或船舶遭難或其他事變已不能航行等皆屬之。而船舶失蹤,即行方不明之意,鑒於現今通訊科技發達及搜尋技術進步,船舶失蹤,亦與滅失相類。

其事態較為常見的,諸如定期傭船的船舶全損或經濟上的破壞(the total loss or commercial destruction of the ship under time charter)、極端長期的被徵用或扣留(requistion or detention of the ship for an inordinate period of time)、由於履行行為的本質部分中斷或被破壞,以致其履行行為變成違法或不可能(performance of time charter became illegal or impossible because of the destruction or discontinuance of something essential to its performance)等皆其適例。

此正如Radcliff勛爵,在Davis Contractors v. Fareham U.D.C(註1)一案所稱:「發生特定的情況,且在該情況之下履行,將成為與約定的履行行為,極端的差異,亦應認為其無須等待在法律上當事人不履行,就應認為其已不可能履行其契約上的義務,於此情形應認為已發生履行不能,亦即『自己無須被約束做到那樣的事』的觀念(frustration occurs whenever the law recognizes that without default of either party a contractual obligation has become incapable of being performed because the circumstances in which performance is called for world render it a thing radically different from that which was undertaken by the contract. Non hace in foedera veni, it was not this that I promised to do)。」等語,其就定期傭船契約的履行不能(Frustration of Time Charter),闡述得非常清楚。

以此而言,不僅船舶實際上的全損,即使因船舶的毀損以致船舶在事實上已破損,以致不能再航行,也屬「履行不能」之列,此在Blane Steamship v. Minister of Transport一案(註2)。業已被確認,該案雖是有關船舶租賃的案例,但其理由相同,可資參照。

又傭船滅失,結果導致「履行不能」的情形,即使承認當該傭船契約中,有所謂「代船條款」(substitution clause)的約定,亦將成為無效。此在McNair法官就Niarchos v. Shell Tankers(註3)一案業已判定,其先就事實說明如次:「World Sky號輪,在7年間的定期傭船契約中,訂有船舶所有人可以提供比該輪大型船的代船條款的權利。若在傭船期間中,該輪確已觸礁,而生全損(The seven-year time charter for the World Sky incorporated a clause giving her owners the right to substinute for her a larger ship. During the charter service she ran aground and become a total loss)。」這樣的事實。

McNair法官進而判決:「World Sky號已因全損,致定期傭船契約成為履行不能,所以船舶所有人不再有提供代船之權利,也沒有此一義務(McNair J., held that as the time charter had been frustrated by the total loss of the World Sky her owners no longer had a right nor a duty to make a substitution)。」

至於船舶是否會「因遲延而成為履行不能」(Frustration by delay),也是海運界經常爭論之所在。換言之,不問遲延之性質如何,是否一概認為遲行不能呢?Goddard法官在Tatem v. Gamboa一案(註4),就此一錘定調,他認為只要遲延不致發生極端的結果,就不能作為履行不能的理由(for delay of whatever kind to frustrate a contract it effect must be radical)。他隨之說明稱:「契約的標的物被破壞的情形,或者由於長期的中斷及遲延的履行,如果發生了完全與別的契約的履行那樣不同的情況,才算已喪失契約的基礎了,但當事人可以預先約定來處理此類情況,事實上當事人訂約時就此設計者不少。可是如果不作此設計時,契約就將視為履行不能了(If the foundation of the contract goes, either by the destruction of the subject-matter or by reason of such long interruption of delay that the performance is really in effect that of a difference contract, you can if you wish and no doubt parties often do provide for what in that event is to happen; but if you do not, then the performance of the contract is regarded as frustrated)。」這在定期傭船契約的訂定,是不忽略的,否則會徒然增加了爭論。

再者如果船舶所有人事先已預計到「契約的始期」(the commencement of a contract of a contract)將會遲延時,則此項遲延乃出於船舶所有人的預期,將會被認為契約的履行與當初與對方約定的履行行為,有極端的不同,因此其只要已預料到遲延此一事實,則將被判斷契約已充分的履行不能了。所以英國上議院(the House of Lords)在Bank Line v. Capel一案(註5)指出:「傭船的始期,預料將持續長時間不確定的延期,應認為已帶來了契約的履行不能(the postponement of the commencement date of the charter for what was thought an indefinite period which would probably be lengthy frustrated the contract)。」等語,已指出其重點之所在。

NYPE Form第16條第1段,就履行不能雖然規定得較簡,其旨趣與Baltime Form第16條的規定,並無二致。依該段規定:「船舶滅失時,預先交付且無反對給付之金錢(自滅失或最後消息日起算),應立即返還傭船人(That should the Vessel be lost, money paid in advance and not earned (reckoning from the date of loss or being last heard of) shall be returned to the Charterers at once)。」雖然僅針對船舶滅失而為規定,但船舶之始期,如不確定,而且一再拖延,出乎定期傭船人意料之外,應亦作同樣的解釋,乃理所當然。

 

 

【註】

 

  1. (1956) A.C. 696。
  2. (1951) 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 155。
  3. (1961) 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 496。
  4. (1938) 61 Ll. L. Rep. 149。
  5. (1919) A.C. 435。

 

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