王肖卿
「運送人應代履約運送人負責。運送人於海運履約運送人在履約過程中因提供船舶或其他運具之適航性,或其他責任共同連帶負責。」
「並依以下排序訂定舉證責任:
託運人舉證證明貨物滅失、毀損或遲延交付,或造成或促成滅失、毀損或遲延交付之事故係於運送人或履約運送人之責任期間內發生者,運送人應負責任。
運送人得舉證,證明該滅失、毀損或遲延交付之原因,或造成或促成滅失、毀損或遲延交付之原因,係屬本章法定免責事項所致,或部分屬法定免責事項所致,則運送人可全部免責或僅就非無法免責事項所致之部分損害負責。無法舉證或舉證不成立,則須全部負責。」
「託運人亦可舉證,證明貨物之滅失、毀損或遲延交付之原因,或造成或促成滅失、毀損或遲延交付之原因係因船舶適航性義務之違反所致,除非運送人舉證推翻或推翻該原因所致之部分損害,否則運送人即應全部負責或部分負責。」
以上之舉證規定無疑有利於訴訟前即釐清誤解。因而減少訟爭。有利於運、託當事人,卻不利於全國律師協會聯合會。此點但看主政單位如何考量了。
書面經當事雙方同意後訂定、對特定或批量貨物運送訂定的契約。該種契約內容除條文特別說明外,不適用本章之強制規範。
(1)運輸單證:指依運送契約或租船契約簽發,證明收到貨物可為運送契約證明之單證,其種類包括可轉讓之指示載貨證券、不可轉讓之記名載貨證券、海運單,以及以電子傳遞方式或區塊鏈技術傳遞之電子運輸記錄;包括以上任何可透過電子傳遞技術傳送之與書面單證種類相同的電子紀錄。以及銀行認可或當事人雙方認可之收貨憑證或收據。
收貨憑證或收據之交貨規定除本章規定外,依銀行之認可規定或當事人間之慣例交貨。
(2)可轉讓之指示載貨證券:係在單證上註明待指示(to order)或可轉讓(negotiable)用語,表達貨物應依託運人、銀行、受貨人或任何被背書人之指示交付貨物。受讓人除受讓單證代表之物權,亦受讓單證之背書轉讓權。運送人於交貨時應收回該種載貨證券。電子傳遞或區塊鏈技術傳遞之同種單證,則以提交解鎖密碼方式交付貨物。
(3)不可轉讓之記名載貨證券:係在單證上記載禁止轉讓(non-negotiable)之載貨證券。運送人於交貨時應收回該種載貨證券。可以電子或區塊鏈技術傳遞之同種單證,則以提交解鎖密碼方式交付貨物。
(4)海運單:為不同於載貨證券之一種單證,單證表面印有「不得轉讓」(non-negotiable)字樣,唯託運人於貨物送達目的地之交貨前,可以運送人可接受之方式,轉讓貨物受領權的一種運輸單證。被通知領受貨物之人僅有權受領貨物,卻無單證之背書轉讓權。轉讓權仍屬託運人。單證記載不必交還單證,向運送人申請該種單證時,提供辨識受貨人身分的方式交貨。
(5)電子運輸紀錄:指以電子傳遞或包括發票、產地證明、包裝單等整包區塊鏈訊息傳遞之紀錄,交貨時由有權領貨之人向運送人提供該電子訊息或區塊鏈訊息之解鎖密碼交貨。
可轉讓之指示載貨證券遇有遺失、被盜或滅失時,依法院受理之公示催告程序,運送人可以收受擔保之方式予以補發。其他種類之單證遺失,經當事人告知後,由運送人決定得利即予以補發。
- 本次修法首次公布之草案,即如此設計。
- 參漢堡規則的2條「適用範圍」(Article 2. Scope of application)之4「如運送契約約定於一定期間內、一連串運送之後續運送,則本公約適用於每一階段之運送」(4. If a contract provides for future carriage of goods in a series of shipments during an agreed period, the provisions of this Convention apply to each shipment.)、第4條「責任期間」(Period of responsibility)之1. 「依本公約運送人之責任期間,自裝貨港掌控貨物始,包含運送途程、迄卸貨港為止之全部期間」(Theresponsibility of the carrier for the goods under this Convention covers the period during which the carrier is in charge of the goods at the port of loading, during the carriage and at the port of discharge.)及之2「為以上第1項目的之完成,所謂運送人掌控貨物,係(a)自其託運人或代表其…接收貨物時起迄至交貨予受貨人為止」(For the purpose of paragraph 1 of this article, the carrier is deemed to be in charge of the goods (a) from the time he has taken over the goods from: (i) the shipper,….until the time he has delivered the goods: (i) by handing over the goods to the consignee; or….)。第11條(一貫運輸)之1.「不論以上第10條第1項的規定為何,如海運運送契約明文訂定由運送人以外之某人負責之其他運輸路段亦包含於運送途程內,並規定運送人不負責由該實際運送人負責該運輸路段之毀損、滅失與遲延交付。雖如此,除非由運送人舉證證明,否則無法依第21條第1/2項之當事法院對負責該路段的實際運送人提起訴訟時,則有關限制或排除運送人責任之規定均無效」(1. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 1 of article 10, where a contract of carriage by sea provides explicitly that a specified part of the carriage covered by the said contract is to be performed by a named person other than the carrier, the contract may also provide that the carrier is not liable for loss, damage or delay in delivery caused by an occurrence which, takes place while the goods are in the charge of the actual carrier during such part of the carriage. Nevertheless, any stipulation limiting or excluding such liability is without effect if no judicial proceedings can be instituted against the actual carrier in a court competent under paragraph 1 or 2 of article 21. The burden of proving that any loss, damage or delay in delivery has been caused by such an occurrence rests upon the carrier.)其中第10條第1項為「無論是否依海運運送契約,將全部或部分運送委由某實際運送人負責,運送人仍依本公約負責全程運送」(1. Where the performance of the carriage or part thereof has been entrusted to an actual carrier, whether or not in pursuance of a liberty under the contract of carriage by sea to do so, the carrier nevertheless remains responsible for the entire carriage according to the provisions of this Convention.)。以及聯合國貿易法委員會秘書處就「1978漢堡規則所作之條文解釋說明」(Explanatory Note by the UNCITRAL Secretariat on the Hamburg)3「運送人之責任基礎」(Basis of Carrier’s liability)之18「漢堡規則之運送人責任涵括其他運輸工具之責任;如鐵、公路等」(…Hamburg Rules corresponds with the liability imposed upon carriers under international conventions governing carriage of goods by other modes of transport, such as road and rail.)。
- 參海牙規則第5條「本公約之規定不適用於租用契約…」(The provisions of this Convention shall not be applicable to charter parties,…)。威士比修正案(Visby Amendments, 1968)延續海牙規則之規定,對此部分未予修正。以及漢堡規則第2條「適用範圍」之3「本公約不適用於租用契約」(The provisions of this Convention are not applicable to charter-parties.)。
- 參https://DocDL.motcmpb.gov.tw/(向航港局諮詢識別碼)交通部航港局公布之海商法部分條文修正草案條文對照表。
- 「運送契約」一詞,依1924年海牙規則(International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law relating to Bills of Lading (”Hague Rules”))第1條(b)項定義「僅適用於由載貨證券或任何類似名義能代表海上貨物運送契約之單證。亦包括依租用契約下所簽發之單證。自該載貨證券或類似單證規範運送人與單證持有人間之關係開始。((b) “Contract of carriage” applies only to contracts of carriage covered by a bill of lading or any similar document of title, in so far as such document relates to the carriage of goods by sea, including any bill of lading or any similar document as aforesaid issued under or pursuant to a charter party from the moment at which such bill of lading or similar document of title regulates the relations between a carrier and a holder of the same.)
- 作為受邀的與會學者之一,筆者曾一再告誡擬稿人勿犯此種錯誤。卻未被接受。
- 運輸單證之譯名來自運輸(transport)一字,單證(document)則來自聯合國的中文統一翻譯。不同於運送契約(contract of carriage)之原文。
- 同註5。兩者原文不同,書面的運送契約(contract of carriage)雖由運輸單證代表之(evidence of contract),然而運輸單證一詞,卻翻譯自原文的“transport document”,指的卻是因運輸工具之不同而簽發之單證,自不得相互混淆。
- 「這類(綜合型)契約涉及當事人雙方之權義,通常以租用契約,或載貨證券、或訂運單方式陳現」(Such a contract of affreightment embodying the rights and obligation of both contracting bodies, may take the form of a Charter Party, Bill of Lading or Bookingnote.) 參J.Bes, Chartering and Shipping Terms, nineth edition, 1975, p.8。以及R. Ihre, L. Gorton and A. Sandevarn, Lloys’s of London Press Ltd., Shipbroking and Chartering Practice, 1983, p.46~47.
- 參DICTIONARY OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE,HTTPS://WWW.GLOBALNE GOTIATOR.COM/INTERNATIONAL-TRADE/DICTIONARY-CATEGORY/DICTIONARY/網站。記名載貨證券之定義「記名載貨證券不得背書轉讓,亦稱不可轉讓之載貨證券」“A straight bill of lading cannot be transferred by endorsement. Also called non-negotiable B/L.”另亦見於大陸現行海商法第79條「提單之轉讓,依照下列規定執行『(一)記名提單:不得轉讓』….」。
- 參航港局網站公布之草案第53條「運送人或船長於貨物裝載後,因託運人之請求,應發給載貨證券。但運送人與託運人約定發給海運單或『其他運送單證』者,不在此限。」
- 參上註之第53條之說明欄有「因應航運實務除發給載貨證券外,亦使用海運單(Sea Waybill)或電子運送紀錄、電子載貨證券等其他運送單證之現況,增訂但書規定。」
- 第630條「受貨人請求交付運送物時,應將提單交還。」無以適用海運單。
- 參海牙規則原文“ “Contract of carriage” applies only to contracts of carriage covered by a bill of lading or any similar document of title,in so far as such document relates to the carriage of goods by sea, including any bill of lading or any similar document as aforesaid issued under or pursuant to a charter party from the moment at which such bill of lading or similar document of title regulates the relations between a carrier and a holder of the same.”
- 參漢堡規則第18條「載貨證券以外之單證」(Documents other than bills of lading)「運送人簽發載貨證券以外之單證證明待運貨物,該單證亦為海運貨物運送契約、由運送人負責單證所記載貨物運送之表見證據」(Where a carrier issues a document other than a bill of lading to evidence the receipt of the goods to be carried, such a document is prima facie evidence of the conclusion of the contract of carriage by sea and the taking over by the carrier of the goods as therein described.)
- 民國113.4.26公聽會會議紀錄。
- 建議條文不宜為因應競爭,而做出之應變性海商行為背書。
- 同參註4 之https://Dic/DL.motcmpb.gov.tw/113.2.27(向航港局諮詢識別碼)公聽會會議紀錄。
- 參漢堡規則第一條「定義」(Article 1. Definitions)之6,「『海運運送契約』係指運送人於收受運費情況下由海運自一港迄另一港運送貨物之契約;唯其運送包含他種運輸方式在內,為本公約海運運送之目的,依然被視為海運運送契約」( “Contract of carriage by sea” means any contract whereby the carrier undertakes against payment of freight to carry goods by sea from one port to another; however, a contract which involves carriage by sea and also carriage by some other means is deemed to be a contract of carriage by sea for the purposes of this Convention only in so far as it relates to the carriage by sea.)
- 參漢堡規則第5條「責任基礎」(Article 5. Basis of liability)之2.原文“Delay in delivery occurs when the goods have not been delivered at the port of discharge provided for in the contract of carriage by sea within the time expressly agreed upon or, in the absence of such agreement, within the time which it would be reasonable to require of a diligent carrier, having regard to the circumstances of the case.”。
- 參鹿特丹規則第21條原文“ Article 21 Delay in delivery occurs when the goods are not delivered at the place of destination provided for in the contract of carriage within the time agreed.”
- 同參註4之https://DocDL.motcmpb.gov.tw/(向航港局諮詢識別碼)之113.4.26公聽會會議記錄。
- 參鹿特丹規則第23條之4原文“ No compensation in respect of delay is payable unless notice of loss due to delay was given to the carrier within twenty-one consecutive days of delivery of the goods.”
- 參鹿特丹規則第60條( Limits of liability for loss caused by delay )之原文“Subject to article 61, paragraph 2, compensation for loss of or damage to the goods due to delay shall be calculated in accordance with article 22 and liability for economic loss due to delay is limited to an amount equivalent to two and one-half times the freight payable on the goods delayed. The total amount payable pursuant to this article and article 59, paragraph 1, may not exceed the limit that would be established pursuant to article 59, paragraph 1, in respect of the total loss of the goods concerned.”
- 參鹿特丹規則第22條(Calculation of compensation)之原文“1. Subject to article 59, the compensation payable by the carrier for loss of or damage to the goods is calculated by reference to the value of such goods at the place and time of delivery established in accordance with article 43. 2. The value of the goods is fixed according to the commodity exchange price or, if there is no such price, according to their market price or, if there is no commodity exchange price or market price, by reference to the normal value of the goods of the same kind and quality at the place of delivery. 3. In case of loss of or damage to the goods, the carrier is not liable for payment of any compensation beyond what is provided for in paragraphs 1 and 2 of this article except when the carrier and the shipper have agreed to calculate compensation in a different manner within the limits of chapter 16.”
- 參王肖卿,「租船條文之擬議」,航貿週刊2024年第15期,航貿文化事業有限公司出版,2024.4.15出刊。該文之註10、註15、註16~23之說明。40~42頁。
- 同上註26,28~43頁。













