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傭船費支付之原則

楊仁壽

 

定期傭船契約傭船人使用船舶的對價,早期稱為「運費」(freight)、或定期運費(time freight)、或定期傭船運費(time chartered freight)。目前則通稱為「傭船費」(hire),以示與其他傭船契約有所區別。

傭船費的定義,統合NYPE或Baltime等標準契約格式的內容,大抵是:「自傭船開始,至返還於船舶所有人時為止,以現金、定時、不打折扣的事先支付;而且,若不支付時,無須經船舶所有人作若何的催告,有不提供定期傭船人服務,逕行撤船的權利」。如再加簡潔,即「自傭船開始,至還船於船舶所有人時為止,不打任何折扣(without discount)所支付之對價(註1)」。

例如NYPE Form 46第4條規定:「傭船人對船舶之利用及承傭,就夏季乾舷(夏季乾舷之高度),包含燃料及船上用品,該船之總載貨重量數每一噸,依每一曆月,按合眾國通貨(每噸之傭船費)之費率。如前述,始自該船支付日,且自該日開始。並於此之後,按同一費率支付。如未滿一個月之期間,亦依同一費率(That the charterers shall pay for the use and hire of the said Vessel at the rate of…United States Currency per ton on vessel’s total deadweight carrying capacity, including bunkers and stores, on…summer freeboard, per Calendar Month, commencing on and from the day of her delivery, as aforesaid, and at and after the same rate for any part of a month)」。

「傭船費之支付,除通常之自然損耗外,與該船同樣良好之狀態,在『還船於預定港口』,還船於船舶所有人,迄於還船之日還船時止『滅失之情形除外』。但『當事人』另有合意時,不在此限。傭船人對該船之返還預定之日及還船預定之港口,必須於該日……以前通知船舶所有人(hire to continue until the hour of the day of her redelivery in like good order and condition, ordinary were and tear excepted, to the Owners (unless lost) at…unless otherwise mutually agreed. Charterers are to give Owners not less than…days notice of vessels expects date of redelivery, and probable port)」。

第5條規定:「前條傭船費之支付,在紐約,以合眾國通貨支付現金,每半個月先付;另半個月或未滿半個月期間之傭船費,先付概算額。如該概算額,不足以支付實際之期間傭船費,就傭船費之不足額,於每清償期之到來,應依船舶所有人的要求,每日支付之。但傭船人經銀行保證或提存時,不在此限。傭船費有支付遲延,不能定期支付,銀行亦不保證,或違反本契約等之情事時,船舶所有人得隨時從傭船人的運航中撤船。於此情形,不影響船舶所有人對傭船人應有的其他一切之請求」(Payment of said hire to be made in New York in cash in United States Currency, semi-monthly in advance, and for the last half month or part of same the approximate amount of hire, and should same not cover the actual time, hire is to be paid for the balance day, as it become due, if so required by Owners, unless bank guarantee or deposit is made by the Charterers, otherwise falling the punctual and regular payment of the hire, or bank guarantee, or on any breach of this Charter Party, the Owners shall be at liberty to withdraw the vessel from the service of the Charterers, without prejudice to any claim they (the Owners) may otherwise have on the Charterers)。

「期間之計算,自傭船人或其代理人,於下午4時前,收到書面準備完成之通知日,或繼續工作日之下午7時起開始。但傭船人如有要求,有使用該船的權利。其使用時間,應算入傭船期間。傭船人或其代理人,依船長之要求,應於各港墊付現金,作為通常的船用金,並收2.5%的手續費。墊款從傭船費扣除,但上述墊款之使用,傭船人不負一切責任(Time to count from 7 a.m. on the working day following that on which written notice of readiness has been given to Charterers or their Agents before 4 p.m., but if requited by Charterers, they to have the privilege of using vessel at once, such time used to count as hire. Cash for vessel’s ordinary disbursements at any port may be advanced as required by the Captain, by the Charterers or their Agents, subject to 2 1/2% commission and such advances shall be deducted from the hire. The charterers, however, shall in no way be responsible for the application of such advances)」。

Baltime Form 39第6條亦有類似的規定,為便於以下各期本欄說明起見,於此亦一併將條條文述明:即「傭船人應給付傭船費……,應依第1條之規定起,計至還船至船舶所有人時止,每30日預先支付(The Charterers to pay as hire…per 30 days, commencing in accordance with clause I until her redelivery to the Owners)。傭船人之支付,以現金,在……,不能打折扣,每30日預先支付(Payment of hire to be made in cash, in…without discount, every 30 days, in advance)。不依約給付傭船費時,船舶所有人有權在不提任何異議,與不受任何法庭或任何其他機關當局之干預下,自傭船人之營運中撤船,並得另行向傭船人提出因本傭船契約所受任何損害賠償之請求,傭船人不得持有偏見(In default of payment the Owners to have the right of withdrawing the vessel from the service of the Charterers, without noting any protest and without interence by any court or any other formality whatsoever and without prejudice to any claim the Owners may otherwise have on the Charterers under the Charter)」。

依上述規定,在定期傭船契約下,傭船人在整個契約期間,有支付傭船費給船舶所有人之義務。但仍非無例外,即(1)傭船人的義務,由於傭船契約中的明示的規定而中止(charterers’  liability is suspended by an express provision in the charter)(註2)。

(2)船舶所有人違反契約義務,未能提供傭船契約所約定的服務(the owner in breach of his contractual duties, fails to rend the services promised under the charter)(註3)。

(3)傭船契約因給付不能而消滅(the charter is frustrated)(註4)。

除此之外,定期傭船契約如果沒有明示的約定(the absence of express agreement),即便違反封鎖令被扣押(during detention for breach of blockade)(註5)、甚或由於封港令(by embargo)(註6)、或修船(repairs)(註7),亦都應支付傭船費。但如果因上列事由,而延誤過於嚴重,以致達到上述(3)的程度時,定期傭船人則無須支付傭船費。

定期傭船人支付傭船費,乃係船舶所有人提供服務的對價,不能輕易免除責任,因此,在Brown v. Tuner Brighman(註8)及 Aktieselskabet Lina v. Turnbull(註9)2案中,都認為:「傭船人不能憑某種免責危險,諸如罷工或政府的限制,縱令雙方明示免除他在此種免責危險下,使他無法使用船舶期間支付傭船費之責任」(The charterer cannot rely on an excepted peril such as strikes or restraint of princes, even when expressed to be mutual, as excusing him from paying hire during time in which by such excepted peril he is unable to use the ship),由此可見,定期傭船人幾乎於上述3種例外的情事外,想要免除其支付傭船費的義務,可謂難上加難。

 

 

【註】

  1. 船舶一直在船舶所有人所僱用之船長等為其占有人中,因之,所謂「還船」(redelivery),是指船舶所有人不再提供船舶的服務而言。而所謂「撤船」(withdrawal),則指不待傭船期間結束,因一定事由發生,逕行不提服務而言。
  2. 停租條款(the off-hire clause),即其通例。
  3. Sea and Land Securities v. William Dickinson, (1942) 2.K.B. 65 (C.A.); Akt. Tankexpress v. Compagnie Financiere Belge des Petroles (1947) 80 Ll. L. R. 365 C. A.)。
  4. 例如船舶滅失或失蹤的情形。
  5. Havelock v. Geddes (1809) 10 East 555。
  6. Moorsom v. Greaves (1811) 2 Camp. 626。
  7. Havelock v. Geddes (1809) 10 East 555。
  8. (1912) A.C. 12。
  9. (1907) S.C. 507。
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