楊仁壽
在定期傭船契約下,船舶所有人就有關船舶所應具有的適航能力,與海牙規則之規定,不盡相同。所謂不盡相同,大約有二:其一,即未將海牙規則或繼受海牙規則之英、美COGSA(以下簡稱海牙規則)併入定期傭船契約,此時其所根據之法律,係依英、美普通法,而非依海牙規則等。其二,定期傭船契約下之適航能力,船舶所有人所應注意的期間,是整個傭船期間;而海牙規則則只要發航前及發航時,盡相當之注意或所謂「恪盡職責」(exercise due diligence),即已足夠。
NYPE 46第五行規定:「…船舶須有完全運轉狀態之船體、機械、裝備。」(…with hull machinery and equipment in a thoroughly efficient state),又於第二十一行至第二十四行規定:「本船在交付時,應將船舶清掃乾淨,做好裝載貨物的準備,船體堅實牢固,灌海水壓艙,捲揚機有充分的蒸氣動力之輔助的鍋爐,如無輔助鍋爐時,有足夠的動力能使所有的捲揚機具同時運轉(以及配有與本船噸位相應的高級船員、水手、輪機長、輪機員等全部成員),所有各點,必須適合運送情形。」(…Vessel on her delivery to be ready to receive cargo with clean-swept holds and tight, staunch, strong and in every way fitted for the service, having water ballast, winches and donkey boiler with sufficient steam power, or if not equipped with donkey boiler, then other power sufficient to run all the winches at one and the same time (and with full complement of officers, seamen, engineers and firemen for a vessel of her tonnage))。
可知在上述的規定下,船舶所有人對船舶具有適航能力,負有「絕對」(absolute)與「嚴格」(strict)的責任,尤其在交船的時候,更應如此。即使欠缺明示條款,在普通法下,依定期傭船契約之本質,亦應如此。在Giertsen v. George Turnbull & Co.一案(註一),認為此屬「默示的擔保」(implied warranty),在此適航性的擔保約束下,就其本身而言,即便於船舶交付以後,亦不算擴張(Standing on their own, these undertaking of seaworthiness do not extend beyond delivery)(註二)。
甚至,定期傭船人認為其所承傭船舶,非只為一個航次,因而在定期傭船契約內,加上適航條款,擴張至「要在整個定期傭船契約期間內」(for the duration of the charterparty),都須具備,亦所在多有。
不只NYPE 46格式作此要求,即在Baltime 39格式第三條,亦設有類似的規定:「在營運期間內,船舶所有人須供給及支付所有糧食、薪津、船舶的保險,甲板部及輪機部之所有應用物料,並保持船體與機械於完整有效的狀況」(The Owners to provide and pay for all provisions and wages, for insurance of the Vessel, for all deck and engine-room stores and maintain her in a thoroughly efficient state in hull and machinery during service)。
上述規定,如與海牙規則相較,顯然較嚴格。依1924年海牙規則第三條第一項規定:「運送人於發航前及發航時,對下列事項,應盡相當之注意(即恪盡職責)(The carrier shall be bound before and at the beginning of the voyage to exercise due diligence to):
1、使船舶適航(Make the ship seaworthy)。
2、配置船舶相當之船員、設備及供應(Properly man, equip and supply the ship)。
3、使貨艙、冷藏室及其他供載貨物部分,適合於受載、運送與保存(Make the holds, refrigerating and cool chambers, and all other parts of the ship in which goods are carried, fit and safe for their reception, carriage and preservation)」。
以及同海牙規則第四條第一項規定:「不論是運送人或船舶,對因船舶不適航所生或所致之滅失或毀損,均不負責任。除非係由於運送人未依第三條第一項之規定,盡相當之注意,使船舶適航,配置船舶相當船員、設備及供應,使貨艙、冷藏室或其他供載運貨物部分適合於受載、運送與保存所引起。因船舶欠缺適航能力所致之滅失或毀損,運送人或其他人依本條之規定主張免責時,應就已盡相當注意之事實,負舉證之責。」(Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be liable for loss or damage arising or resulting from unseaworthiness unless caused by want of due diligence on the part of the carrier to make the ship seaworthy and to secure that the ship is properly manned, equipped and supplied, and to make the holds, refrigerating and cool chambers and all other parts of the ship in which goods are carried fit and safe for their reception, carriage and preservation in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 3. Whenever loss or damage has resulted from unseaworthiness the burden of proving the exercise of due diligence shall be on the carrier or other person claiming exemption under this Article)。
由上可知,在海牙規則有關規定,運送人對船舶適航能力的注意程度,只須「恪盡職責」(exercise due diligence,即盡相當之注意義務),即已足夠,而在定期傭船契約下,依英美普通法之規定,則須盡絕對(absolute)與嚴格(strict)的責任,二者之寬疏、嚴峻,相去甚遠。
所以NYPE 46第二十四條,為減輕船舶所有人有關適航能力的注意義務,纔將美國至上條款(U.S.A. Clause Paramount)併入到定期傭船契約內。依該條款指出:「本載貨證券依1936年4月16日所承認美國海上貨物運送法之規定,亦有其效力。並將該法之規定,視為已併入本載貨證券。此外,本載貨證券所訂定之任何事項,基於該法,視為拋棄運送人之權利或免除之特權,或不加重其責任及義務。本證券之文義,有牴觸該法律之處時,其文義在牴觸的限度內無效。」(This bill of lading shall have effect subject to the provisions of the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act of the United States, approved April 16, 1936, which shall be deemed to be incorporated herein, and nothing herein contained shall be deemed a surrender by the carrier of any of its rights or immunities or an increase of any of its responsibilities or liabilities under said Act. If any term of this bill of lading be repugnant to said Act to any extent such term shall be void to that extent, but no further)。
經過NYPE 46第二十四條這一併入,船舶所有人就船舶適航能力的注意義務,就大為減輕了,僅須恪盡職守(盡相當的注意),即可舉證免責。不過須注意者,海牙規則所規範的法律關係,係載貨證券的權利義務,其當事人為運送人與託運人或載貨證券持有人;而定期傭船契約所規範的法律關係,為船舶所有人與定期傭船人間的權利義務。二者可謂風牛馬不相及,但一經併入,即發生「質」的變化。
本欄前此一再提及,英國上議院(House of Lords)為解決此一問題,在The Saxon Star一案(註三),判稱:「應將『本載貨證券』讀作『本傭船契約』」(“This bill of lading” should be read as “This charter party”),換言之,即將「運送人」視為「船舶所有人」;將託運人視為「定期傭船人」,如此一來,海牙規則第五條第二項所規定:「本公約之規定,不適用傭船契約」(The provisions of this Convention shall not be applicable to charter parties),在併入海牙規則之定期傭船契約下,就可以不必去理會了(was to be ignored)(註四)。
【註】
- 1908 S. C. 1101; 45 Sc. L. R. 916; 16 S. L. T. 250 (Court of Session, Scotland)。
- Michael Wilford, Terence Coghlin, Nicholas J. Healy, Jr. John d. Kimball, Time Charters, p. 23。
- Adamastos Shipping v. Anglo Saxon Petroleum, (1958) 1 Lloyd’s Rep. 73。
- Ibid。












