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不定期船非不能適用於海牙規則

楊仁壽

 

1924年海牙規則有關「物」的適用範圍,主要有三條條項可作依據,其一是第1條第3款規定:「貨物,包括物品、製造品、商品及各類各個任何物件,但有生命的動物及依運送契約裝載於甲板上並如此載運之貨物,不在此限」(“Goods” includes goods, wares, merchandise, and articles of every kind whatsoever except live animals and cargo which by the contract of carriage is stated as being carried on deck and is so carried)。其二是同條第4款規定:「船舶,指用於海上運送貨物之任何船舶」(“Ship” means any vessel used for the carriage of goods by sea)。其三是第6條規定:「雖有前述各條規定,運送人、船長或運送人之代理人與託運人,仍得就任何特殊貨物,任意協議,就運送人對是項貨物之責任及義務,及運送人關於是項貨物之權利及免責,或在不牴觸公共秩序之範圍內,關於運送人對適航能力之責任,或運送人之受僱人或代理人,對於海上運送貨物之裝載、搬移、堆存、運送、保管、看守及卸載應為相當注意,訂立條款。但以載貨證券尚未簽發或不擬簽發為前提,並將協議載入於不得轉讓之證券,作如此註明者為限。」(Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding articles, a carrier, master or agent of the carrier and a shipper shall in regard to any particular goods be at liberty to enter into any agreement in any terms as to the responsibility and liability of the carrier for such goods, and as to the rights and immunities of the carrier in respect of such goods, or his obligation as to seaworthiness, so far as this stipulation is not contrary to public policy, or the care or diligence of his servants or agents in regard to the loading, handling, stowage, carriage, custody, care and discharge of the goods carried by sea, provided that in this case no bill of lading has been or shall be issued and that the terms agreed shall be embodied in a receipt which shall be a non-negotiable document and shall be marked as such),「如此訂定之任何協議,具有完全之法律效力」(Any agreement so entered into shall have full legal effect),「但本條之規定,不適用於通常貿易過程中一般商業性貨物之運送,而僅在所擬裝載貨物之性質及裝態,或所擬進行運送所處之環境、條款、條件,能合理的證明特別協議為正當時,始得適用」(Provided that this article shall not apply to ordinary commercial shipments made in the ordinary course of trade, but only to other shipments where the character or condition of the property to be carried or the circumstances, terms and conditions under which the carriage is to be performed are such as reasonably to justify a special agreement)。

將前述三個條項加以濃縮,亦即海牙規則適用於依船舶所運送之貨物運送契約。其之所謂船舶,係指使用於海上貨物運送之一切船舶;所謂貨物,係指除有生命動物、甲板裝載運送物及特殊運送物以外,其他可以當運送契約之客體之一切物品等而言。因之,海牙規則第4條第5項所規定之高價品以及同條第6項所規定之危險品之運送,仍有海牙規則之適用,不待言而自明(註一)。

惟宜注意者,海牙規則雖規定所謂船舶,是指使用於海上貨物運送之一切船舶,但其並未區別在海上,內河、湖泊、港灣等航行之船舶,何者應有其適用,何者不予適用。因之,所謂海上運送的區域,可說完全委諸各國國內法加以規定。以此而言,我國海商法第1條規定:「本法稱船舶者,謂在海上航行,或在與海相通之水面或水中航行之船舶」,應與海牙規則上述之規定,無所齟齬。舊海商法原規定「及」,現行法將之修正為「或」字,其用語更為明確(註二),殊值贊同。

海牙規則之所以規定,使用於海上貨物運送之「一切」(any,譯之為「任何」,亦無不可)船舶,概有該規則之適用,主要是指不論是定期船或不定期船,都在適用之列。於此要加以說明的,關於海牙規則適用於不定船,1887年在倫敦舉行之倫敦會議及1888年在布魯塞爾舉行之布魯塞爾會議(註三)中,斯堪地那維亞(Scandinavia)國家代表雖極力反對,認為依不定期船所訂定的運送契約,當事人既可立於平等的立場,協議運送條件;而且在當事人間也從來未發生不平等情事,以及不定期船所運送之貨物多種多樣,隨時隨地可訂定任何契約從事海上貨物運送,可以說完全處於當事人自治的領域之內等等理由,主張將不定期船排除於海牙規則適用之外(註四)。

但斯堪地那維亞國家代表所主張之理由,不為大會所採。多數國家認為將船舶區分為定期船及不定期船,在事實上殆屬不可能,何況不定期船所發給之載貨證券,一旦流通,為了保護因背書轉讓或交付取得之善意第三人,在海牙規則上,與定期船所發給之載貨證券同視,如果以定期船或不定期船區分來定是否可適用海牙規則,並將不定期船排除於適用之外,則將載貨證券假裝是由不定期船簽發之情事,必然層出不窮,這種脫法行為將防不勝防,海牙規則制定的目的,將無由以達。

因之,斯堪地那維亞國家不再堅持。事實上,海牙規則對於斯堪地那維亞國家所主張之理由,都已設有防範的條文。諸如海牙規則第1條第2款規定:「運送契約,僅指以載貨證券或與海上貨物運送有關類似權利證券之運送契約;包括在傭船契約下或依照傭船契約所簽發任何載貨證券或任何類似權利證券,但以該等證券規範運送人與載貨證券持有人間關係之時起算。」(“Contract of carriage” applies only to contracts of carriage covered by a bill of lading or any similar document of title, in so far as such document relates to the carriage of goods by sea, including any bill of lading or any similar document as aforesaid issued under or pursuant to a charter party from the moment at which such bill of lading or similar document of title regulates the relations between a carrier and a holder of the same),第5條第2項規定:「本公約之規定不適用於傭船契約,但在傭船契約下而發給載貨證券者,該載貨證券仍應符合本公約之規定。…」(The provisions of this Convention shall not be applicable to charter parties, but if bills of lading are issued in the case of a ship under a charter party they shall comply with the terms of this Convention.…),以及前述所引第6條之規定,實則均已就「不定期船船舶所有人」所掛慮的,都予以澄清。

再者,依海牙規則第3條第3項但書規定:「但運送人、船長或運送人之代理人有合理理由,對於任何標誌、數量、容積(體積)或重量,疑其非正確代表實際收受之貨物或無合理之方法予以核對者,得不於載貨證券上予以載明」(Provided that no carrier, master or agent of the carrier shall be bound to state or show in the bill of lading any marks, number, quantity, or weight which he has reasonable ground for suspecting not accurately to represent the goods actually received, or which he has had no reasonable means of checking)。就載貨證券之記載事項,亦已設特殊例外之規定。對不定期船船舶所有人的權益,加以保護之道,並未曾稍減。

由以上制定海牙規則之史實觀之,不定期船不盡然是傭船契約,海牙規則所適用之船舶亦可,包括定期船及不定期船,蓋在海上運送實務,以不定期船來運送件貨,仍非絕無。我國學者常將不定期船與傭船劃上等號,並非正確。如改為傭船契約「多」為不定期船,庶幾近之。

 

 

【註】

  1. 參見小町谷操三,統一船荷證券法論,第35頁。
  2. 參見楊仁壽,海商法要義,第125頁。
  3. 參見楊仁壽,最新海商法論,第305頁。
  4. 同註一,第48頁。
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