楊仁壽
定期傭船人支付給船舶所有人之「傭船費」(hire),應該「先付」或「前付」(in advance)。不論是Baltime Form 39第6條,或者NYPE 46 Form第5條,都設有明文。因此,各個單位期間(each periodic)所應支付的傭船費,定期傭船人均須於所約定的支付期日前,或支付當日,應行付給,不得於支付期日後才支付。
在Tankerpress v. Compagnie Financiére Belge Pétroles一案(註1),Wright勛爵即作如下說明:「傭船費先付,之所以為傭船人重要的義務,係因傭船費乃係對應船舶所有人提供船舶及船員使用之勞務,而應給予船舶所有人的對價(The importance of this advance payment to be made by the charterer is that it is the substance of the consideration given to the shipowner for the use and service of the ship and crew which the shipowner agrees to give)。只要傭船契約存續,船舶所有人即有依約定,定期的收取先行支付傭船費的權利(He is entitled to have the periodical payment as stipulated in advance of his performance so long as the charter-party continues)」,已將定期傭船人應先付傭船費的義務,予以點破。
當然,傭船費先付的義務,不限於第一期支付,即便於傭船開始後,定期傭船人所應給付的各期傭船費,亦復如此,與第一期同樣,須先行支付。Branson法官在Kawasaki v. Bantham Steam Ship一案(註2),也宣示此一旨趣。因此,定期傭船人於依NYPE Form 46第5條所規定「通告期間」(the expiry of notice period)以前,或者「使用船舶」(use the ship)以前,即應支付傭船費給船舶所有人。
這裡所謂「通告期間」,是指NYPE Form 46第5條所規定:「期間之計算,自傭船人或其代理人,於下午4時前,收到書面準備完成之通知日,或連續工作日之下午7時起開始(Time to count from 7 a.m. on the working day following that on which written notice of readiness has been given to Charterers or their Agents before 4 p.m. …)而言」。
事實上,Branson法官在該案所作上面的宣示,係於具有拘束力之判決理由(ratio decidendi)之外,以無拘束力之旁論(obiter dictum)來作說明(註3)。旁論對該案雖無拘束力,但對後來的判決,則深具參考的價值。此後,Wright勛爵於1948年仍依此意旨判示,可以明瞭。
定期傭船人有時為了省利息,常為了戔戔之數,而遲誤了支付傭船費期日。最常見的例子,是支付期日恰逢銀行休息日(payment due on a non-banking),就會引發了爭執。
一般而言,支付傭船費期日,如係星期日,或其他銀行休息日時,定期傭船人必須於銀行休息日以前的「銀行交易日」(banking day)支付。Ackner法官在Astro Amo Cia. Nav. Elf Union S. A.一案(註4)以及Salmon勛爵在Mardorf Peach & Co. Ltd. v. Attica Sea Carriers Corp.一案(註5),均持此見解。
尤其Salmon勛爵說得最淺白,他說:「支付期限經過後的支付,不能說已按期支付。在本件我看不出有理由已按期限支付。本件傭船費,應向船舶所有人的銀行按每半個月先付,如傭船費的支付期日,適為銀行休息日之星期日,因銀行自星期六起業已休息(關閉),所以本件支付傭船費應於星期六之前一日,即星期五為之,方屬先付。本件到星期一始行支付(提供),自非對傭船期間之先付(Punctual payment cannot be made on the day after it falls due, but I cannot see any reason in the present case why it could not be made before that day if the hire is to be paid to the owner’s bank semi-monthly in advance and an installment happens to fall due on a Sunday when the banks are closed, then as the bank are also closed on Saturday, payment, in my view, should be tendered on the previous Friday. This will be payment in advance. If is not tendered until the Monday if will not be made in advance of the period for which it is tendered)」。
由於船舶所有人提供船舶及船員勞務的對價,是定期傭船人支付傭船費給船舶所有人,2者具有對價的關係。再加上定期傭船契約本身的特性,亦即定期傭船人一旦使用船舶後,貨物已裝載上船,船舶所有人對付定期傭船人之利器,只有出於「撤船」(withdrawal)一途。為使契約當事人的權益平衡,因此定期傭船人於傭船費支付期日前支付,遂成為「絕對的義務」(absolute obligation)。一旦支付傭船費遲誤,船舶所有人即可祭出殺手鐧,行使撤船之權利。
因之,Poter勛爵在Tankexpress A/S v. Compagnie Financiére Belge des Pétroles S. A.一案(註6),斬釘截鐵地指出:「除有免除履行的特別情事以外,只要有未支付的事實,即構成債務不履行,沒有必要考慮因故意或過失而不履行的要件」(Apart from some special circumstances excusing performance, it is enough to constitute default that payment has not in fact been made; neither deliberate non-performance nor negligence in performing the contract is required)」等語,即申此意旨。
定期傭船契約除了有相反的約定以外,在最後半月份的傭船費(hire for last half month),因為須先付(in advance),所以究竟應先付半個月(half a month),或應付一個月份(a month),不無疑義。事實上,還船日期總是無法精準的預定,縱令船舶將於半個月以內,或者一個月以內「還船」(redelivered),已非常明確,定期傭船人仍應先支付「全額」(would be payable in full),亦即船舶所有人與定期傭船人如約定按月先付,即應支付整個月份的傭船費;如約定每2個月先付(此種情形較少),定期傭船人即應一次先付2個月份。
至於定期傭船人於「還船」後,如果有超過支付金額(amount overpaid)情事,於「精算」(to be calculated)之後,船舶所有人即應將多付的部分,返還於定期傭船人,始符公平的原則。在Tonnelier & Bolckow, Vaugham & Co. v. Smith & Weatheriall & Co.一案(註7),即依此一原則處理。
惟上述原則,定期傭船契約格式,如無明文約定時,始有適用之餘地,例如Baltime Form 39因無此規定,所以上述案件,才予以適用。但於NYPE Form 46則規定每半個月份先付,其餘先付概算額,並於第5條第59行至第60行設有詳實的明文,雖可資遵行,但對此仍乏針對性。
依NYPE Form 46第5條第59行至第60行規定:「前條傭船費之支付,應在紐約,以美國通貨支付現金,每半個月先付。另半個月,或未滿半個月期間之傭船費,先付概算額,如該概算額不足支付實際之期間時,就傭船費之不足額,於每清償期之到來,應依船舶所有人之要求,每日支付之。但傭船人經銀行保證或提存時,不在此限(Payment of said hire to be made in New York in cash in United States Currency, semi-monthly in advance, and for the last half month or part of same the approximate amount of hire, and should same not cover the actual time, hire is to be paid for the balance day, as it becomes due, if so required by owners, unless bank guarantee or deposit is made by the Charteres Party…)」。
該項規定,並未明文定期傭船人還船時,如有超過先付金額的情形,應如何處理。惟依該項規定的精神,仍應本諸多退少補之原則,予以解決。
【註】
- (1948) 82 Ll. L. Rep. 43。
- (1938) 60 Ll. L. Rep. 70。
- 參見楊仁壽,法學方法論,第3版,第380頁。
- The Zographia M. (1976) 2 Lloyd’s 382, (Q. B.)。
- The Laconia (1977) 1 Lloyd’s Rep. 315。
- (1948) 82 Ll. L. Rep. 43。
- (1918) 2 K. B. 560。













